Lambert, H. and Farrell, T. 2010. The changing character of armed conflict and the implications for refugee protection jurisprudence. International Journal of Refugee Law. 22 (2), pp. 237-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeq017
| Title | The changing character of armed conflict and the implications for refugee protection jurisprudence |
|---|---|
| Authors | Lambert, H. and Farrell, T. |
| Abstract | This article focuses on a key aspect of the EC Qualification Directive, namely, the grounds of eligibility for subsidiary protection. These grounds rest on a test for the risk of ‘serious harm’ were the applicant to be returned to his or her country of origin. If a genuine risk of harm is found, then the applicant would qualify for protection. Article 15 of the Directive defines ‘serious harm’ in terms of (a) the death penalty, (b) torture or degrading treatment, and (c) ‘serious and individual threat’ to a person arising from a situation of armed conflict. This article examines how English and French judicial authorities have applied the third paragraph (that is, Article 15(c) of the Qualification Directive) in recent asylum cases. In such cases, English and French judicial authorities have had to assess (1) the severity of the armed conflict and (2) the individual risk to asylum seekers. Such assessments must be informed by an understanding of the changing character of armed conflict, which has increased the threat to civilians, and by the human security paradigm, which offers a new way of conceptualising the threats to individuals in and from conflict. |
| Journal | International Journal of Refugee Law |
| Journal citation | 22 (2), pp. 237-273 |
| ISSN | 0953-8186 |
| Year | 2010 |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeq017 |
| Web address (URL) | http://ijrl.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/eeq017? |
| Publication dates | |
| Published | 2010 |
A well-founded fear of being persecuted ... but when?
Anderson, A., Foster, M., Lambert, H. and McAdam, J. 2020. A well-founded fear of being persecuted ... but when? Sydney Law Review. 42 (2), pp. 155-181.
Europe’s power to influence the laws and practice of international protection worldwide
Lambert, H. 2019. Europe’s power to influence the laws and practice of international protection worldwide. in: Frontières, Sociétés et Droit en Mouvement: Dynamiques et politiques migratoires de l'Europe au Sahel Bruylant. pp. 149-164
International Refugee Law and the Protection of Stateless Persons
Foster, M. and Lambert, H. 2019. International Refugee Law and the Protection of Stateless Persons. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press.
Imminence in Refugee and Human Rights Law: A Misplaced Notion for International Protection
Anderson, A., Foster, M., Lambert, H. and McAdam, J. 2019. Imminence in Refugee and Human Rights Law: A Misplaced Notion for International Protection. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 68 (1), pp. 111-140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589318000398
Temporary Refuge from War: Customary International Law and the Syrian Conflict
Lambert, H. 2017. Temporary Refuge from War: Customary International Law and the Syrian Conflict. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 66 (3), pp. 723-745. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589317000124
Statelessness as a Human Rights Issue: A Concept Whose Time Has Come?
Foster, M. and Lambert, H. 2016. Statelessness as a Human Rights Issue: A Concept Whose Time Has Come? International Journal of Refugee Law Special Issue 2016. 28 (4), pp. 564-584. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eew044
The Link between Statelessness and Refugee Status
Lambert, H. 2016. The Link between Statelessness and Refugee Status. International Affairs Forum . 1 (1), pp. 25-27.
L’architecture institutionnelle en matière d’asile au Royaume-Uni
Lambert, H. 2014. L’architecture institutionnelle en matière d’asile au Royaume-Uni.
Refugee Status, Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality, and Statelessness within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
Lambert, H. 2014. Refugee Status, Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality, and Statelessness within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. UNHCR. https://doi.org/PPLA/2014/01
Is the UK a safe country for asylum seekers under the Dublin system? An international law perspective
Lambert, H. 2012. Is the UK a safe country for asylum seekers under the Dublin system? An international law perspective. Immigration Law Practitioners' Association.
Stateless persons ought not to be ignored as refugees
Lambert, H. 2014. Stateless persons ought not to be ignored as refugees.
The Mass Flight of Syrian Refugees: What are the Legal Obligations of States?
Lambert, H. 2015. The Mass Flight of Syrian Refugees: What are the Legal Obligations of States?
Comparative Perspectives on Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality and Refugee Status
Lambert, H. 2015. Comparative Perspectives on Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality and Refugee Status. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 64 (1), pp. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589314000475
Statelessness is an evil that has been hidden for too long
Lambert, H. 2014. Statelessness is an evil that has been hidden for too long. Guardian.
Transnational law and refugee identity: the worldwide effect of European norms
Lambert, H. 2014. Transnational law and refugee identity: the worldwide effect of European norms. Refugee Law Initiative Post-Graduate Workshop on International Refugee Law. University of London (Senate House) 25 Apr 2014
Refugee Status, Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality, and Statelessness within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
Lambert, H. 2014. Refugee Status, Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality, and Statelessness within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. Geneva UNHCR, Legal and Protection Policy Series, Division of International Protection.
Stateless persons ought not to be ignored as refugees
Lambert, H. 2014. Stateless persons ought not to be ignored as refugees. First Global Forum on Statelessness: New Directions in Statelessness Research and Policy (UNHCR and Tilburg University). Peace Palace, The Hague 15 Sep 2014
L’architecture institutionnelle en matière d’asile au Royaume-Uni
Lambert, H. 2014. L’architecture institutionnelle en matière d’asile au Royaume-Uni. Colloque international sur Le parcours du demandeur de protection en France. Université de Lille, France 27 Nov 2014
Statelessness is an evil that has been hidden for too long
Lambert, H. 2014. Statelessness is an evil that has been hidden for too long. The Guardian, Comment Online.
Transnational law and refugee identity: the worldwide effectof European norms
Lambert, H. 2014. Transnational law and refugee identity: the worldwide effectof European norms. in: Kneebone, S., Stevens, D. and Baldassar, L. (ed.) Conflicting identities: refugee protection and the role of law Abingdon, Oxon Routledge. pp. 203-214
Family unity in migration law: the evolution of a more unified approach in Europe
Lambert, H. 2014. Family unity in migration law: the evolution of a more unified approach in Europe. in: Chetail, V. and Bauloz, C. (ed.) Research handbook on international law and migration Cheltenham Edward Elgar. pp. 194-215
Causation in international protection from armed conflict
Lambert, H. 2014. Causation in international protection from armed conflict. in: Cantor, D. and Durieux, J.F. (ed.) Refuge from inhumanity? War refugees and international humanitarian law Leiden, Netherlands Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 57-77
The next frontier: expanding protection in Europe for victims of armed conflict and indiscriminate violence
Lambert, H. 2013. The next frontier: expanding protection in Europe for victims of armed conflict and indiscriminate violence. International Journal of Refugee Law. 25 (2), pp. 207-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eet014
Introduction: European refugee law and transnational emulation
Lambert, H. 2013. Introduction: European refugee law and transnational emulation. in: Lambert, H., McAdam, J. and Fullerton, M. (ed.) The global reach of European refugee law Cambridge Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-24
Conclusion: Europe’s normative power in refugee law
Lambert, H. 2013. Conclusion: Europe’s normative power in refugee law. in: Lambert, H., McAdam, J. and Fullerton, M. (ed.) The global reach of European refugee law Cambridge Cambridge University Press. pp. 258-266
Is the UK a safe country for asylum seekers under the Dublin system? An international law perspective
Lambert, H. 2012. Is the UK a safe country for asylum seekers under the Dublin system? An international law perspective. London Immigration Law Practitioners Association (ILPA).
"Safe third country" in the European Union: an evolving concept in international law and implications for the UK
Lambert, H. 2012. "Safe third country" in the European Union: an evolving concept in international law and implications for the UK. Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law. 26 (4), pp. 318-336.
International law and international relations. 2nd edition
Armstrong, D., Lambert, H. and Farrell, T. 2012. International law and international relations. 2nd edition. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
Article 2 1951 Convention (general obligations)
Lambert, H. 2011. Article 2 1951 Convention (general obligations). in: Zimmermann, A. (ed.) The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: a commentary Oxford Oxford University Press. pp. 625-642
Transnational refugee law in the French courts: deliberate or compelled change in judicial attitudes?
Lambert, H. and Silga, J. 2010. Transnational refugee law in the French courts: deliberate or compelled change in judicial attitudes? in: Goodwin-Gill, G.S. and Lambert, H. (ed.) The limits of transnational law: refugee law, policy harmonization and judicial dialogue in the European Union Cambridge Cambridge University Press. pp. 35-56
The British judiciary and the search for reciprocal relations with its continental partners
Lambert, H. and Husain, R. 2010. The British judiciary and the search for reciprocal relations with its continental partners. in: Goodwin-Gill, G.S. and Lambert, H. (ed.) The limits of transnational law: refugee law, policy harmonization and judicial dialogue in the European Union Cambridge Cambridge University Press. pp. 125-149
Transnational law, judges and refugees in the European Union
Lambert, H. 2010. Transnational law, judges and refugees in the European Union. in: Goodwin-Gill, G.S. and Lambert, H. (ed.) The limits of transnational law: refugee law, policy harmonization and judicial dialogue in the European Union Cambridge Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-16
Introduction
Lambert, H. 2010. Introduction. in: Lambert, H. (ed.) International refugee law Aldershot Ashgate.
Transnational judicial dialogue harmonization and the Common European Asylum System
Lambert, H. 2009. Transnational judicial dialogue harmonization and the Common European Asylum System. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 58 (3), pp. 519-543. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589309001249
The limits of transnational refugee law in the European Union
Lambert, H. 2009. The limits of transnational refugee law in the European Union. ISA's (International Studies Association) 50th Annual Convention: Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future. New York 15 - 18 Feb 2009
International refugee law: dominant and emerging approaches
Lambert, H. 2009. International refugee law: dominant and emerging approaches. in: Armstrong, D. (ed.) Routledge handbook of international law London Routledge. pp. 344-354
EU asylum and immigration law: the role of national judges
Lambert, H. 2009. EU asylum and immigration law: the role of national judges. Guest Lecture. Central European University, Budapest
Expert submission on family reunification in UK law (2008) to the Israeli Supreme Court
Lambert, H. and Wallace, R.M.M. 2008. Expert submission on family reunification in UK law (2008) to the Israeli Supreme Court. Adalah.
Comparative perspectives of constitutional asylum in France, Italy and Germany: requiescat in pace?
Lambert, H., Messineo, F. and Tiedemann, P. 2008. Comparative perspectives of constitutional asylum in France, Italy and Germany: requiescat in pace? Refugee Survey Quarterly. 27 (3), pp. 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdn043
Transnational law in national asylum cases
Lambert, H. 2008. Transnational law in national asylum cases. Cuenca Colloqium on International Refugee Law. Menendez Pelayo International University, Spain 23 - 25 Sep 2008
The Limits of transnational law: refugee law, policy harmonization and judicial dialogue in the European Union
Lambert, H. 2008. The Limits of transnational law: refugee law, policy harmonization and judicial dialogue in the European Union. Regional Seminar Series of the International Law Association (ILA British Branch). Nottingham University 21 Nov 2008
A transnational legal order and European refugee law
Lambert, H. 2008. A transnational legal order and European refugee law. International Conference of the Refugee Law Reader: "Dynamics of Refugee Protection in an Era of Globalization". Brussels 12 - 14 Dec 2008
A European protection jurisprudence: is it achievable, is it desirable?
Lambert, H. 2008. A European protection jurisprudence: is it achievable, is it desirable? International Association of Refugee Law Judges European Conference. Berlin 29 Sep 2008
The position of aliens in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights
Lambert, H. 2007. The position of aliens in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights. Strasbourg Council of Europe Publishing.
Transnational cross-referencing in refugee law cases
Lambert, H. 2007. Transnational cross-referencing in refugee law cases. Society of Legal Scholars Annual Conference. Durham University, UK 10 - 13 Sep 2007
Expert testimony
Lambert, H. 2007. Expert testimony. Parliamentary Assembly Hearing, Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography, Council of Europe. Paris, France Dec 2007
International law and international relations
Armstrong, D., Farrell, T. and Lambert, H. 2007. International law and international relations. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.
The position of aliens in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights
Lambert, H. 2006. The position of aliens in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights. Strasbourg Council of Europe Publishing.
The EU Asylum Qualification Directive, its impact on the jurisprudence of the United Kingdom and international law
Lambert, H. 2006. The EU Asylum Qualification Directive, its impact on the jurisprudence of the United Kingdom and international law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 55 (1), pp. 161-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei070
The European Convention on Human Rights and the protection of refugees: limits and opportunities
Lambert, H. 2005. The European Convention on Human Rights and the protection of refugees: limits and opportunities. Refugee Survey Quarterly. 24 (2), pp. 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi025
A missed opportunity? EU law and asylum in the 21st century
Lambert, H. 2004. A missed opportunity? EU law and asylum in the 21st century. in: Tridimas, T. and Nebbia, P. (ed.) European law for the twenty-first century: rethinking the new legal order Oxford Hart.
The EU Qualification Directive, the UK and international law
Lambert, H. 2004. The EU Qualification Directive, the UK and international law. International Association of Refugee Law Judges European Conference. Edinburgh Nov 2004
Asylum, exceptional leave to remain and the right of appeal
Lambert, H. 2003. Asylum, exceptional leave to remain and the right of appeal. Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal. 3 (1), pp. 127-135.
Courting controversy: international law, national norms and American nuclear use
Farrell, T. and Lambert, H. 2001. Courting controversy: international law, national norms and American nuclear use. Review of International Studies. 27 (3), pp. 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210501003096
The position of aliens in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights
Lambert, H. 2001. The position of aliens in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights. Strasbourg Council of Europe Publishing.
The conceptualisation of 'persecution' by the House of Lords: Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department
Lambert, H. 2001. The conceptualisation of 'persecution' by the House of Lords: Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department. International Journal of Refugee Law. 13 (1-2), pp. 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/13.1_and_2.16
Expert testimony. The influence of the European Court of Human Rights judgments on other international treaty bodies
Lambert, H. 2000. Expert testimony. The influence of the European Court of Human Rights judgments on other international treaty bodies. in: 2nd colloquy on the European Convention on Human Rights and the protection of refugees, asylum-seekers and displaced persons Strasbourg Council of Europe Publishing. pp. 124-127
Contempt of court in French law: a criminal offence
Lambert, H. 2000. Contempt of court in French law: a criminal offence. in: Addo, M.K. (ed.) Freedom of expression and the criticism of judges: a comparative study of European legal standards Aldershot Ashgate. pp. 113-125
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the protection of refugees and rejected asylum seekers against refoulement from Europe
Lambert, H. 2000. Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the protection of refugees and rejected asylum seekers against refoulement from Europe. in: European Convention on Human Rights and protection of persons in need of international protection Geneva UNHCR. pp. 77-87
Protection against refoulement from Europe: human rights law comes to the rescue
Lambert, H. 1999. Protection against refoulement from Europe: human rights law comes to the rescue. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 48 (3), pp. 515-544. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300063429
The European Court of Human Rights and the right of refugees and other persons in need of protection to family reunion
Lambert, H. 1999. The European Court of Human Rights and the right of refugees and other persons in need of protection to family reunion. International Journal of Refugee Law. 11 (3), pp. 427-450. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/11.3.427
Building a European asylum policy under the 'first pillar' of the consolidated treaty establishing the European Community
Lambert, H. 1999. Building a European asylum policy under the 'first pillar' of the consolidated treaty establishing the European Community. International Journal of Refugee Law. 11 (2), pp. 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/11.2.329
United Kingdom national report
Lambert, H. 1999. United Kingdom national report. in: Strategies of Inclusion of Children and Teenagers Born of Immigration European Coordination for Foreigners’ Right to Family Life. pp. 125-140
Key-note address
Lambert, H. 1999. Key-note address. Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, CAHAR, 47th Plenary Session. Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Expert testimony
Lambert, H. 1999. Expert testimony. Parliamentary Assembly Hearing, Committee on Migration, Refugees and Democracy. Council of Europe, Paris, France
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the protection of refugees against "refoulement"
Lambert, H. 1999. Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the protection of refugees against "refoulement". in: 4th international symposium on the protection of refugees in the Central European and the Baltic states, 27-29 September 1998, Bled, Slovenia: report and proceedings Vienna UNHCR. pp. 106-113
Seeking asylum: comparative law and practice in selected European countries
Lambert, H. 1995. Seeking asylum: comparative law and practice in selected European countries. Dordrecht Martinus Nijhoff.
Seeking asylum on gender grounds: justifying discrimination in the treatment of refugee women
Lambert, H. 1995. Seeking asylum on gender grounds: justifying discrimination in the treatment of refugee women. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 1/2, pp. 153-178.
Entrée et Séjour au Royaume-Uni en vue de l'Etablissement ou pour la Prestation de Services/Einreise und Aufenthalt im Vereinigten Konigreich zum Zwecke der Niederlassung und der Erbringung von Dienstleistungen'
Lambert, H. 1995. Entrée et Séjour au Royaume-Uni en vue de l'Etablissement ou pour la Prestation de Services/Einreise und Aufenthalt im Vereinigten Konigreich zum Zwecke der Niederlassung und der Erbringung von Dienstleistungen'. in: Jura Europea: Droit d'Etablissement/Niederlassungsrecht Paris Editions Techniques Juris Classeurs. pp. 1-48
Asylum-seekers, refugees and the European Community: case studies of France and the United Kingdom
Lambert, H. 1995. Asylum-seekers, refugees and the European Community: case studies of France and the United Kingdom. in: Migration and European integration: the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion London Pinter Publishers. pp. 112-131
Permalink - https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9069w/the-changing-character-of-armed-conflict-and-the-implications-for-refugee-protection-jurisprudence