Fascism 2.0: Twitter Users’ Social Media Memories of Hitler on his 127th Birthday

Fuchs, Christian 2017. Fascism 2.0: Twitter Users’ Social Media Memories of Hitler on his 127th Birthday. Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. 6 (2), pp. 228-263. https://doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00602004

TitleFascism 2.0: Twitter Users’ Social Media Memories of Hitler on his 127th Birthday
TypeJournal article
AuthorsFuchs, Christian
Abstract

This article analyses how Twitter users communicated about Hitler on his 127th birthday. It employs an empirical critique informed by critical Marxist theories of fascism. The analysis is based on a dataset of 4,193 tweets that were posted on 20 April 2016, and that used hashtags such as #Hitler, #AdolfHitler, #HappyBirthdayAdolf, #HappyBirthdayHitler. The results provide indications about how fascism 2.0 works. There are various strategies that fascism 2.0 uses, such as online authoritarianism, online nationalism, an online friend-enemy scheme, and online patriarchy and naturalism. The growth of fascism 2.0 is a consequence of a ‘fascism-producing’ crisis of society that requires adequate anti-fascist responses and strategies.

JournalFascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies
Journal citation6 (2), pp. 228-263
ISSN2211-6249
Year2017
PublisherBrill
Publisher's version
License
CC BY-NC 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00602004
Web address (URL)http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/22116257
Publication dates
Published08 Dec 2017

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Fuchs, Christian 2015. Validation Report. Deliverable D5.3 of the EU FP7 project “PACT – Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action”. http://www.projectpact.eu PACT.

Updated plan for use and foreground. Deliverable D5.3 of the EU FP7 project “PACT – Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action” (grant agreement number: 285635).
Fuchs, Christian and Bellanova, R. 2015. Updated plan for use and foreground. Deliverable D5.3 of the EU FP7 project “PACT – Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action” (grant agreement number: 285635). http://www.projectpact.eu

Against divisiveness: Digital workers of the world unite! A rejoinder to César Bolaño and Eloy Vieira
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Against divisiveness: Digital workers of the world unite! A rejoinder to César Bolaño and Eloy Vieira. Television & New Media. 16 (1), pp. 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476414528053

Towards a Theoretical Model of Social Media Surveillance in Contemporary Society.
Fuchs, Christian and Trottier, D. 2015. Towards a Theoretical Model of Social Media Surveillance in Contemporary Society. Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research. 40 (1), pp. 113-135. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2014-0029

The Internet, Freedom, and Ideology in the Age of Mass Surveillance.
Fuchs, Christian 2015. The Internet, Freedom, and Ideology in the Age of Mass Surveillance.

Digital labour: A comment on César Bolaño’s tripleC reflection
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Digital labour: A comment on César Bolaño’s tripleC reflection. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. 13 (1), pp. 84-92.

Martin-Heidegger’s anti-Semitism: Philosophy of technology and the media in the light of the “Black Notebooks“. Implications for the reception of Heidegger in media and communication studies.
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Martin-Heidegger’s anti-Semitism: Philosophy of technology and the media in the light of the “Black Notebooks“. Implications for the reception of Heidegger in media and communication studies. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. 13 (1), pp. 55-78.

Anti-semitism, Anti-Marxism, and Technophobia: The fourth volume of Martin Heidegger’s Black Notebooks (1942-1948)
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Anti-semitism, Anti-Marxism, and Technophobia: The fourth volume of Martin Heidegger’s Black Notebooks (1942-1948). tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. 13 (1), pp. 93-100.

Krise, Kommunikation, Kapitalismus. Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie sozialer Medien.
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Krise, Kommunikation, Kapitalismus. Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie sozialer Medien. Luxemburg. 2015 (1), pp. 24-29.

Internet, Kapitalismus und periphere Entwicklung im Waldviertel
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Internet, Kapitalismus und periphere Entwicklung im Waldviertel. Momentum Quarterly – Zeitschrift für sozialen Fortschritt (Journal for Societal Progress). 4 (1), pp. 42-69.

Internet, capitalism, and peripheral development in the Waldviertel
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Internet, capitalism, and peripheral development in the Waldviertel. New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry. 7 (2), pp. 74-100.

Reflections on Todd Wolfson’s book 'Digital Rebellion: The Birth of the Cyber Left'
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Reflections on Todd Wolfson’s book 'Digital Rebellion: The Birth of the Cyber Left'. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. 13 (1), pp. 163-168.

Left-wing media politics and the advertising tax: Reflections on Astra Taylor’s book “The people’s platform: Taking back power and culture in the digital age“.
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Left-wing media politics and the advertising tax: Reflections on Astra Taylor’s book “The people’s platform: Taking back power and culture in the digital age“. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 13 (1), pp. 1-4.

Culture and economy in the age of social media
Fuchs, Christian 2015. Culture and economy in the age of social media. New York, London Routledge.

WikiLeaks and the critique of the political economy
Fuchs, Christian 2014. WikiLeaks and the critique of the political economy. in: Christensen, C. (ed.) WikiLeaks: from popular culture to political economy Los Angeles, CA USC Annenberg Press.

Theorising social media, politics and the state: an introduction
Trottier, D. and Fuchs, Christian 2014. Theorising social media, politics and the state: an introduction. in: Social media, politics and the state: protests, revolutions, riots, crime and policing in the age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube New York Routledge. pp. 3-38

Anonymous: Hacktivism and contemporary politics
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Anonymous: Hacktivism and contemporary politics. in: Trottier, D. and Fuchs, Christian (ed.) Social media, politics and the state: protests, revolutions, riots, crime and policing in the age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube New York Routledge. pp. 88-106

Culture, communication & ideology = forms of work
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Culture, communication & ideology = forms of work. in: Çoban, S. (ed.) Media and left Leiden Brill. pp. 15-43

Why we need alternative social media before it is too late
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Why we need alternative social media before it is too late. Connect-World, Global-ICT. 2014 (18), pp. 29-30 13.

Digital workers of the World unite! A framework for critically theorising and analysing digital labour
Fuchs, Christian and Sandoval, M. 2014. Digital workers of the World unite! A framework for critically theorising and analysing digital labour. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 12 (2), pp. 486-563.

The dialectic: Not just the absolute recoil, but the world’s living fire that extinguishes and kindles itself. Reflections on Slavoj Žižek’s version of dialectical philosophy in "Absolute recoil. Towards a new foundation of dialectical materialism"
Fuchs, Christian 2014. The dialectic: Not just the absolute recoil, but the world’s living fire that extinguishes and kindles itself. Reflections on Slavoj Žižek’s version of dialectical philosophy in "Absolute recoil. Towards a new foundation of dialectical materialism". tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 12 (2), pp. 848-875.

WikiLeaks and the Critique of the Political Economy
Fuchs, Christian 2014. WikiLeaks and the Critique of the Political Economy. International Journal of Communication. 8, pp. 2718-2732.

Thomas Piketty’s Book “Capital in the Twenty-First Century”, Karl Marx and the Political Economy of the Internet
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Thomas Piketty’s Book “Capital in the Twenty-First Century”, Karl Marx and the Political Economy of the Internet. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 12 (1), pp. 413-430.

QTube – citizen-generated videos for questions to the Prime Minister. Submission to the House of Commons’-Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy. May 19, 2014
Fuchs, Christian 2014. QTube – citizen-generated videos for questions to the Prime Minister. Submission to the House of Commons’-Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy. May 19, 2014. UK Parliament.

OccupyMedia! The Occupy movement and social media in crisis capitalism
Fuchs, Christian 2014. OccupyMedia! The Occupy movement and social media in crisis capitalism. Winchester, UK Zero Books.

Medios sociales y esfera pública
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Medios sociales y esfera pública. Telos – Revista de Pensamiento sobre Comunicación, Tecnología y Sociedad. 98, pp. 71-82.

Book review: Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Book review: Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Media, Culture & Society. 36 (1), pp. 122-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443713511886

Revisiting the political economy of communication
Garnham, N. and Fuchs, Christian 2014. Revisiting the political economy of communication. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 12 (1), pp. 102-141.

Introduction: Critique, social media and the information society in the age of capitalist crisis
Fuchs, Christian and Sandoval, M. 2014. Introduction: Critique, social media and the information society in the age of capitalist crisis. in: Fuchs, Christian and Sandoval, M. (ed.) Critique, social media and the information society New York Routledge. pp. 1-47

Critique, social media and the information society
Fuchs, Christian and Sandoval, M. 2014. Critique, social media and the information society. New York Routledge.

Theorising and analysing digital labour: from global value chains to modes of production
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Theorising and analysing digital labour: from global value chains to modes of production. The Political Economy of Communication. 2 (1), pp. 3-27.

Social media: a critical introduction
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Social media: a critical introduction. London Sage.

Social media and the public sphere
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Social media and the public sphere. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 12 (1), pp. 57-101.

Karl Marx and the study of media and culture today
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Karl Marx and the study of media and culture today. Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research. 6 (3), pp. 39-76. https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.14639

Digital prosumption labour on social media in the context of the capitalist regime of time
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Digital prosumption labour on social media in the context of the capitalist regime of time. Time & Society. 23 (1), pp. 97-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X13502117

Digital labour and Karl Marx
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Digital labour and Karl Marx. New York Routledge.

Dallas Smythe reloaded: critical media and communication studies today
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Dallas Smythe reloaded: critical media and communication studies today. in: McGuigan, L. and Manzerolle, V. (ed.) The audience commodity in a digital age: revisiting critical theory of commercial media New York Peter Lang. pp. 267-288

Critique of the political economy of informational capitalism and social media
Fuchs, Christian 2014. Critique of the political economy of informational capitalism and social media. in: Fuchs, Christian and Sandoval, M. (ed.) Critique, social media and the information society New York Routledge. pp. 51-65

Social networking sites in the surveillance society: critical perspectives and empirical findings
Allmer, T., Fuchs, Christian, Kreilinger, V. and Sevignani, S. 2014. Social networking sites in the surveillance society: critical perspectives and empirical findings. in: Christensen, M. and Jansson, A. (ed.) Media, surveillance and identity: social perspectives New York Peter Lang.

The Anonymous movement in the context of liberalism and socialism
Fuchs, Christian 2013. The Anonymous movement in the context of liberalism and socialism. Interface: a journal for and about social movements. 5 (2), pp. 345-376.

Societal and ideological impacts of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) internet surveillance
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Societal and ideological impacts of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) internet surveillance. Information, Communication and Society. 16 (8), pp. 1328-1359. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.770544

Privacy and Security in Europe
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Privacy and Security in Europe. PACT.

Towards a participatory, co-operative and sustainable information society? A critical analysis of Swedish ICT policy discourses
Verdegem, P. and Fuchs, Christian 2013. Towards a participatory, co-operative and sustainable information society? A critical analysis of Swedish ICT policy discourses. Nordicom Review. 34 (2), pp. 3-18. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0050

The internet as surveilled workplayplace and factory
Fuchs, Christian and Trottier, D. 2013. The internet as surveilled workplayplace and factory. in: Gutwirth, S., Leenes, R., De Hert, P. and Poullet, Y. (ed.) European data protection: coming of age Dordrecht Springer. pp. 33-57

What is digital labour? What is digital work? What’s their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media?
Fuchs, Christian and Sevignani, S. 2013. What is digital labour? What is digital work? What’s their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media? tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 11 (2), pp. 237-293.

The diamond model of open access publishing: why policy makers, scholars, universities, libraries, labour unions and the publishing world need to take non-commercial, non-profit open access serious
Fuchs, Christian and Sandoval, M. 2013. The diamond model of open access publishing: why policy makers, scholars, universities, libraries, labour unions and the publishing world need to take non-commercial, non-profit open access serious. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 11 (2), pp. 428-443.

Karl Marx @ internet studies
Fuchs, Christian and Dyer-Witheford, N. 2013. Karl Marx @ internet studies. New Media & Society. 15 (5), pp. 782-796. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812462854

Why and how to read Marx’s “Capital”? Reflections on Johan Fornäs’ book “Capitalism: a companion to Marx’s economy critique“
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Why and how to read Marx’s “Capital”? Reflections on Johan Fornäs’ book “Capitalism: a companion to Marx’s economy critique“. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 11 (2), pp. 294-309.

Social media and capitalism
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Social media and capitalism. in: Olsson, T. (ed.) Producing the internet: critical perspectives of social media Göteborg Nordicom. pp. 25-44

Why and How to Read Marx’s “Capital”?
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Why and How to Read Marx’s “Capital”? tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 11 (2).

Political economy and surveillance theory
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Political economy and surveillance theory. Critical Sociology. 39 (5), pp. 671-687. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920511435710

Class and exploitation on the internet
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Class and exploitation on the internet. in: Scholz, T. (ed.) Digital labor: the internet as playground and factory New York Routledge. pp. 211-224

Capitalism or information society? The fundamental question of the present structure of society
Fuchs, Christian 2013. Capitalism or information society? The fundamental question of the present structure of society. European Journal of Social Theory. 16 (4), pp. 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431012461432

Behind the news: social media, riots, and revolutions
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Behind the news: social media, riots, and revolutions. Capital and Class. 36 (3), pp. 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816812453613

Societal Impact Report. Deliverable D1.4 of the EU FP7 project “PACT – Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action” (grant agreement number: 285635)
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Societal Impact Report. Deliverable D1.4 of the EU FP7 project “PACT – Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action” (grant agreement number: 285635). http://www.projectpact.eu

Report on Theoretical Frameworks and Previous Empirical Research. Deliverable D1.1 of the EU FP7 project “PACT – Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action” (grant agreement number: 285635).
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Report on Theoretical Frameworks and Previous Empirical Research. Deliverable D1.1 of the EU FP7 project “PACT – Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action” (grant agreement number: 285635).

Implications of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Internet Surveillance for Society.
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Implications of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Internet Surveillance for Society. PACT.

Introduction: Marx is back: the importance of Marxist theory and research for critical communication studies today
Fuchs, Christian and Mosco, Vincent 2012. Introduction: Marx is back: the importance of Marxist theory and research for critical communication studies today. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 10 (2), pp. 127-140.

Introduction to the special section “Critical theory and political economy of the Internet (Nordmedia 2011)"
Fuchs, Christian and Bolin, G. 2012. Introduction to the special section “Critical theory and political economy of the Internet (Nordmedia 2011)". tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 10 (1), pp. 30-32.

Introduction: Internet and surveillance
Fuchs, Christian, Boersma, K., Albrechtslund, A. and Sandoval, M. 2012. Introduction: Internet and surveillance. in: Fuchs, Christian, Boersma, K., Albrechtslund, A. and Sandoval, M. (ed.) Internet and surveillance: the challenges of web 2.0 and social media New York Routledge. pp. 1-28

The political economy of privacy on Facebook
Fuchs, Christian 2012. The political economy of privacy on Facebook. Television & New Media. 13 (2), pp. 139-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476411415699

With or without Marx? With or without capitalism? A rejoinder to Adam Arvidsson and Eleanor Colleoni
Fuchs, Christian 2012. With or without Marx? With or without capitalism? A rejoinder to Adam Arvidsson and Eleanor Colleoni. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 10 (2), pp. 633-645.

Web 2.0 surveillance and art
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Web 2.0 surveillance and art. in: Burrough, X. (ed.) Net works: case studies in web art and design New York Routledge. pp. 121-127

Some reflections on Manuel Castells’ book “Networks of outrage and hope. Social movements in the Internet age“
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Some reflections on Manuel Castells’ book “Networks of outrage and hope. Social movements in the Internet age“. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 10 (2), pp. 775-797.

New Marxian times! Reflections on the 4th ICTs and society conference "Critique, democracy and philosophy in 21st century information society. Towards critical theories of social media"
Fuchs, Christian 2012. New Marxian times! Reflections on the 4th ICTs and society conference "Critique, democracy and philosophy in 21st century information society. Towards critical theories of social media". tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 10 (1), pp. 114-121.

Media, war and information technology
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Media, war and information technology. in: Freedman, D. and Thussu, D.K. (ed.) Media and terrorism: global perspectives London Sage. pp. 47-62

La politica economica dei social media [The political economy of social media, in Italian]
Fuchs, Christian 2012. La politica economica dei social media [The political economy of social media, in Italian]. Sociologia della Communicazione. 43, pp. 62-86.

Google capitalism
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Google capitalism. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 10 (1), pp. 42-48.

Dallas Smythe today: the audience commodity, the digital labour debate, Marxist political economy and critical theory. Prolegomena to a digital labour theory of value
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Dallas Smythe today: the audience commodity, the digital labour debate, Marxist political economy and critical theory. Prolegomena to a digital labour theory of value. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society. 10 (2), pp. 692-740.

Critique of the political economy of web 2.0 surveillance
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Critique of the political economy of web 2.0 surveillance. in: Fuchs, Christian, Boersma, K., Albrechtslund, A. and Sandoval, M. (ed.) Internet and surveillance: the challenges of web 2.0 and social media New York Routledge. pp. 31-70

Conference report: The 4th ICTs and society conference: critique, democracy and philosophy in 21st century information society
Fuchs, Christian 2012. Conference report: The 4th ICTs and society conference: critique, democracy and philosophy in 21st century information society. Nordicom Information. 34 (3-4), pp. 89-99.

Foundations of critical media and information studies
Fuchs, Christian 2011. Foundations of critical media and information studies. London Routledge.

Labor in informational capitalism and on the Internet
Fuchs, Christian 2010. Labor in informational capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society: An International Journal. 26 (3), pp. 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972241003712215

Information and communication technologies and society: a contribution to the critique of the political economy of the Internet
Fuchs, Christian 2009. Information and communication technologies and society: a contribution to the critique of the political economy of the Internet. European Journal of Communication. 24 (1), pp. 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323108098947

Internet and society: social theory in the information age
Fuchs, Christian 2008. Internet and society: social theory in the information age. New York Routledge.

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