Regulation of chondrocyte Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD)by [Ca2+]i and cell shape

Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Hall, A.C. 2008. Regulation of chondrocyte Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD)by [Ca2+]i and cell shape. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage. 16 (3), pp. 312-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.006

TitleRegulation of chondrocyte Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD)by [Ca2+]i and cell shape
TypeJournal article
AuthorsKerrigan, M.J.P. and Hall, A.C.
Abstract

Objectives :

Optimal matrix metabolism by articular chondrocytes is controlled by the ‘set-point’ volume which is determined mainly by membrane transporters. The signal transduction pathway(s) for the key membrane transporter which responds to cell swelling (‘osmolyte channel’) and mediates regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is poorly understood, so here the role of Ca2+ and the effects of 2D culture have been clarified.

Methods :

Changes to the volume and intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) of freshly isolated and 2D cultured bovine articular chondrocytes subjected to hypotonic challenge using a 43% reduction in medium osmolarity were studied by single-cell fluorescence microscopy. The effects of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), REV5901 and Gd3+ were studied and the role of Ca2+ influx determined by Mn2+ quench.

Results :

In freshly isolated cells, 50% of chondrocytes exhibited ‘robust RVD’ (6[120]). RVD was inhibited by REV 5901 (4 ± 2% responding) (3[23]) and 2 mM EGTA (18 ± 5% responding) (4[166]) whereas Gd3+ had no effect (3[89]). The hypotonic challenge resulted in a Gd3+-insensitive rise in [Ca2+]i that did not correlate with RVD in all cells. Following 2D culture, chondrocytes also demonstrated Gd3+-insensitive RVD, but in contrast, the [Ca2+]i rise was blocked by this agent.

Conclusions :

The data suggested that in freshly isolated and 2D cultured chondrocytes, the rise in [Ca2+]i occurring during hypotonic challenge could be related to RVD, but only in some cells. However, with 2D culture, the Ca2+ response switched to being Gd3+-sensitive, suggesting that as a result of changes to chondrocyte shape, stretch-activated cation channels although present, do not appear to play a role in volume regulation.

JournalOsteoarthritis & Cartilage
Journal citation16 (3), pp. 312-322
ISSN1063-4584
Year2008
PublisherElsevier
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.006
Publication dates
PublishedMar 2008

Related outputs

Novel anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of the human melanocortin MC1 receptor agonist BMS-470539 dihydrochloride and human melanocortin MC3 receptor agonist PG-990 on lipopolysaccharide activated chondrocytes
Can, V., Locke, I.C., Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Merlino, F., De Pascale, C., Grieco, P. and Getting, S.J. 2020. Novel anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of the human melanocortin MC1 receptor agonist BMS-470539 dihydrochloride and human melanocortin MC3 receptor agonist PG-990 on lipopolysaccharide activated chondrocytes. European Journal of Pharmacology. 872 172971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172971

Melanocortin peptides protect chondrocytes from mechanically induced cartilage injury
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Grieco, P., Curley, G.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2014. Melanocortin peptides protect chondrocytes from mechanically induced cartilage injury. Biochemical Pharmacology. 92 (2), pp. 336-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.019

The phenotypic characterization of A13/BACii, a novel bovine chondrocytic cell line with differentiation potential
Qusous, A., Kaneva, M., Can, V.C., Getting, S.J. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2012. The phenotypic characterization of A13/BACii, a novel bovine chondrocytic cell line with differentiation potential. Cells Tissues Organs. 196 (3), pp. 251-261. https://doi.org/10.1159/000332144

Novel methods for the quantification of changes in actin organization in chondrocytes using fluorescent imaging and linear profiling
Qusous, A., Parker, E., Geewan, C., Kapasi, A., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F., Keshavarz, T. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2012. Novel methods for the quantification of changes in actin organization in chondrocytes using fluorescent imaging and linear profiling. Microscopy Research and Technique. 75 (7), pp. 991-999. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.22055

The anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortin peptides in lipopolysaccharide activated chondrocytes
Can, V.C., Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2012. The anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortin peptides in lipopolysaccharide activated chondrocytes. British Phamacological Society Winter Meeting 2012. London, UK 18th-20th December

Chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory role of melanocortin peptides in TNF-α activated human C-20/A4 chondrocytes
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Grieco, P., Curley, G.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2012. Chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory role of melanocortin peptides in TNF-α activated human C-20/A4 chondrocytes. British Journal of Pharmacology. 167 (1), pp. 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01968.x

siRNA-mediated inhibition of Na^sup +^ -K^sup +^-2Cl^sup -^ cotransporter (NKCC1) and regulatory volume increase in the chondrocyte cell line C-20/A4
Qusous, A., Geewan, C., Greenwell, P. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2011. siRNA-mediated inhibition of Na^sup +^ -K^sup +^-2Cl^sup -^ cotransporter (NKCC1) and regulatory volume increase in the chondrocyte cell line C-20/A4. Journal of Membrane Biology. 243 (1-3), pp. 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-011-9389-z

Application of fluorescent indicators to analyse intracellular calcium and morphology in filamentous fungi
Nair, R.R., Raina, S., Keshavarz, T. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2011. Application of fluorescent indicators to analyse intracellular calcium and morphology in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biology. 115 (4-5), pp. 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2010.12.012

REV5901 induces calcium dependant chondroprotective effects post in vitro mechanical loading
Parker, E., Qusous, A., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2011. REV5901 induces calcium dependant chondroprotective effects post in vitro mechanical loading. ORS Annual Meeting vol. 36. Long Beach, California

The Making Assessment Count (MAC) consortium–maximising assessment and feedback design by working together
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Walker, S., Gamble, M., Lindsay, S., Reader, K., Papaefthimiou, M.C., Newman-Ford, L., Saunders, G. and Clements, M.O. 2011. The Making Assessment Count (MAC) consortium–maximising assessment and feedback design by working together. in: Proceedings of ALT-C: Thriving in a colder and more challenging climate, 6-8 September 2011, University of Leeds Association for Learning Technology.

α-MSH and [DTRP]8-γ-MSH inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release from stimulated primary bovine chondrocytes
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2011. α-MSH and [DTRP]8-γ-MSH inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine release from stimulated primary bovine chondrocytes. 10th World Congress on Inflammation. Paris, France 25–29 June 2011

MC1 and MC3 activation inhibits caspase-3 production and activity, promotes cell-viability, and induces IL-10 and HO-1 release from human C20/A4 chondrocytes
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2011. MC1 and MC3 activation inhibits caspase-3 production and activity, promotes cell-viability, and induces IL-10 and HO-1 release from human C20/A4 chondrocytes. Physiological Society Meeting 23. University of Oxford

Stimulation of regulatory volume increase (RVI) in avian articular chondrocytes by gadolinium chloride
Ong, S.B., Shah, D., Qusous, A., Jarvis, S.M. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. Stimulation of regulatory volume increase (RVI) in avian articular chondrocytes by gadolinium chloride. Cell Biology & Biochemistry. 88 (3), pp. 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1139/O09-179

A13/BACII, a novel bovine chondrocytic cell line with differentiation potential
Qusous, A., Kaneva, M., Getting, S.J. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. A13/BACII, a novel bovine chondrocytic cell line with differentiation potential. Combined Meeting of Orthopaedic Research Societies. Kyoto, Japan

Cartilage and macrophages: evidence for a paracrine loop. Poster no. 278
Parker, E., Qusous, A., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. Cartilage and macrophages: evidence for a paracrine loop. Poster no. 278. Combined Meeting of Orthopaedic Research Societies. Kyoto, Japan

Tamoxifen: chondroprotective effects post-mechanical trauma
Parker, E., Peetroons, C., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. Tamoxifen: chondroprotective effects post-mechanical trauma. Physiological Society Meeting 21. University of Durham

REV5901: chondroprotective effects post mechanical trauma
Parker, E., Noureen, S., Getting, S.J., Vleck, V.E., Hucklebridge, F. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. REV5901: chondroprotective effects post mechanical trauma. Physiological Society Meeting 19. University of Manchester

The effects of REV5901 on chondrocyte viability following mechanical trauma
Parker, E., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F., Vleck, V.E. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. The effects of REV5901 on chondrocyte viability following mechanical trauma. British Orthopaedic Research Society Annual Meeting. Newcastle upon Tyne 22 - 23 Jun 2009 Wiley.

Diurnal inflammatory cytokine changes post-exercise. Poster no. 319
Parker, E., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. Diurnal inflammatory cytokine changes post-exercise. Poster no. 319. Combined Meeting of Orthopaedic Research Societies. Kyoto, Japan

Knee forces and inflammation: the effects of foot strike patterns and footwear
Parker, E., Domah, S., Getting, S.J., Vleck, V.E., Hucklebridge, F. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. Knee forces and inflammation: the effects of foot strike patterns and footwear. Physiological Society Meeting 19. University of Manchester

Chondroitin and glucosamine supplementation results in increased chondrocyte viability post mechanical trauma in vitro
Parker, E., Begum, N., Wunderlich, C., Ravichandran, N., Getting, S.J., Vleck, V.E., Hucklebridge, F. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. Chondroitin and glucosamine supplementation results in increased chondrocyte viability post mechanical trauma in vitro. Physiological Society Meeting 19. University of Manchester

REV5901: the protective effect on bovine articular chondrocytes following single impact trauma
Nedelcheva, Y., Getting, S.J. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. REV5901: the protective effect on bovine articular chondrocytes following single impact trauma. Physiological Society Meeting 19. University of Manchester

REV5901: an investigation on the chondroprotective effect in bovine chondrocytes following single impact trauma
Nedelcheva, Y., Getting, S.J. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2010. REV5901: an investigation on the chondroprotective effect in bovine chondrocytes following single impact trauma. Physiological Society Meeting 21. University of Durham

α-MSH and dTRP8-γ-MSH inhibit TNF-α induced MMP 1 and 13 expression in human C20/A4 chondrocytes
Kaneva, M., Locke, I.C., Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Getting, S.J. 2010. α-MSH and dTRP8-γ-MSH inhibit TNF-α induced MMP 1 and 13 expression in human C20/A4 chondrocytes. British Pharmacological Society Winter Meeting 2010. London, UK 14th-16th December 2010

Melanocortin peptides modulate pro-inflammatory mediator release from TNF-a stimulated C-20/A4 cells
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2010. Melanocortin peptides modulate pro-inflammatory mediator release from TNF-a stimulated C-20/A4 cells. British Orthopaedic Research Society Annual Meeting. Newcastle upon Tyne 22 - 23 Jun 2009 Wiley. pp. PO136

The MC3 agonist dTRP8-γ-MSH inhibits IL-6 and IL-8 release from TNF-α stimulated C-20/A4 chondrocytes, an effect blocked by the MC3R antagonist SHU9119
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2010. The MC3 agonist dTRP8-γ-MSH inhibits IL-6 and IL-8 release from TNF-α stimulated C-20/A4 chondrocytes, an effect blocked by the MC3R antagonist SHU9119. Physiology 2010. University of Manchester 30 June - 2 July 2010

Pro-inflammatory mediator release from TNF-α stimulated C-20/A4 cells results in Col II degradation
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2009. Pro-inflammatory mediator release from TNF-α stimulated C-20/A4 cells results in Col II degradation. British Orthopaedic Research Society (BORS) Annual Meeting. Newcastle 22nd - 23rd June 2009

The effects of REV5901 on chondrocyte viability following mechanical trauma
Parker, E., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F., Vleck, V.E. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2009. The effects of REV5901 on chondrocyte viability following mechanical trauma. pA2 Online. From the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre London, Winter 2009 Meeting: Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. 7 (4), p. P0149. https://doi.org/http://www.pa2online.org/abstracts/Vol7Issue4abst127P.pdf

The use of RSS feeds in Blackboard to support student learning and academic interactions
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Oradini, F. and Saunders, G. 2009. The use of RSS feeds in Blackboard to support student learning and academic interactions. BbWorld'09. National Harbor, Maryland 14 - 16 Jul 2009

The use of RSS feeds in Blackboard to support student learning and academic interactions
Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Mackenzie, J. 2009. The use of RSS feeds in Blackboard to support student learning and academic interactions. University of Westminster Teaching & Learning Symposium. University of Westminster, London 2009 Association for Learning Technology.

The student voice in biosciences
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O. and Rumpus, A. 2009. The student voice in biosciences. University of Westminster Teaching & Learning Symposium. University of Westminster, London 2009 Association for Learning Technology.

Listening to the student voices in biosciences modules
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O. and Rumpus, A. 2009. Listening to the student voices in biosciences modules. Hearing the Student Voice Conference: Enabling students' voices to shape the curriculum. Leeds Metropolitan University 14 May 2009

eReflect: enhancing student support through a reflective online process
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O., Oradini, F., Saunders, G. and Bond, A. 2009. eReflect: enhancing student support through a reflective online process. BbWorld'09. National Harbor, Maryland 14 - 16 Jul 2009

eReflect: making assessment count
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O., Bond, A. and Saunders, G. 2009. eReflect: making assessment count. in: Bracq, A., Jefferies, A.L. and Terry, E.B. (ed.) Proceedings of the Fourth International Blended Learning Conference "Engaging Students in the Curriculum" Hatfield University of Hertfordshire. pp. 219-232

Making assessment count: integrating Web 2.0 to support student assessment and reflection
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O., Bond, A., Oradini, F. and Saunders, G. 2009. Making assessment count: integrating Web 2.0 to support student assessment and reflection. E-learning 2.0. Brunel University, Uxbridge 06 - 07 Jul 2009

Making assessment count – integrating feedback and reflection through eReflect
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O., Bond, A., Oradini, F., Nedelcheva, Y. and Saunders, G. 2009. Making assessment count – integrating feedback and reflection through eReflect. in: Terry, E.B., Jefferies, A.L. and Bracq, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the Fourth International Blended Learning Conference "Engaging Students in the Curriculum" Hatfield University of Hertfordshire.

University of westminster, Making assessment count: a JISC funded project
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O., Bond, A., Nedelcheva, Y. and Saunders, G. 2009. University of westminster, Making assessment count: a JISC funded project. 6th International Conference of the Association for Learning Technology. Manchester, UK 08 - 10 Sep 2009 Association for Learning Technology.

University of Westminster, Making assessment count: a JISC funded project
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O., Bond, A., Nedelcheva, Y. and Saunders, G. 2009. University of Westminster, Making assessment count: a JISC funded project. SSHL: Teaching and Learning Day. University of Westminster, London 2009 Association for Learning Technology.

University of Westminster, Making assessment count: a JISC funded project
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Clements, M.O., Bond, A., Nedelcheva, Y. and Saunders, G. 2009. University of Westminster, Making assessment count: a JISC funded project. University of Westminster Teaching & Learning Symposium. University of Westminster, London 2009 Association for Learning Technology.

Melanocortin peptides modulate pro-inflammatory mediator release from TNF-a stimulated C-20/A4 cells
Kaneva, M., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Locke, I.C. and Getting, S.J. 2009. Melanocortin peptides modulate pro-inflammatory mediator release from TNF-a stimulated C-20/A4 cells. pA2 Online. From the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre London, Winter 2009 Meeting: Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society.

Melanocortin peptide therapy for the treatment of arthritic pathologies
Getting, S.J., Kaneva, M., Bhadresa, Y., Renshaw, D., Leoni, G., Patel, H.B., Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Locke, I.C. 2009. Melanocortin peptide therapy for the treatment of arthritic pathologies. The Scientific World Journal. 9, pp. 1394-1414. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2009.163

The role of the actin cytoskeleton in chondrocyte protection following single impact
Nedelcheva, Y., Getting, S.J. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2008. The role of the actin cytoskeleton in chondrocyte protection following single impact. pA2 Online. From the University of Brighton, Winter 2008 Meeting: Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. 6 (4). https://doi.org/http://www.pa2online.org/abstracts/Vol6Issue4abst148P.pdf

Podcasting in the School of Biosciences
Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Scott, R. 2008. Podcasting in the School of Biosciences. 7th Annual Westminster Learning and Teaching Symposium: Enhancing Learning. University of Westminster, London 02 Jul 2008 Association for Learning Technology.

A role for melanocortin peptides in modulating oxidative stress induced inflammation in A549 cells
Getting, S.J., Kaneva, M. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2008. A role for melanocortin peptides in modulating oxidative stress induced inflammation in A549 cells. pA2 Online. From the University of Brighton, Winter 2008 Meeting: Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. 6 (4), p. C020.

The effect of prolonged hypotonicity on chondrocyte volume regulation and intracellular calcium signalling
Ali, N., Getting, S.J. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2008. The effect of prolonged hypotonicity on chondrocyte volume regulation and intracellular calcium signalling. pA2 Online. From the University of Brighton, Winter 2008 Meeting: Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. 6 (4). https://doi.org/http://www.pa2online.org/abstracts/Vol6Issue4abst092P.pdf

The use of technology to teach anatomy
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Mackenzie, J., Raymond, R. and Patterson, A. 2007. The use of technology to teach anatomy. University of Westminster Teaching & Learning Symposium. University of Westminster, London 2007 Association for Learning Technology.

Regulatory volume increase (RVI) by in situ and isolated bovine articular chondrocytes
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Hook, C.S.V., Qusous, A. and Hall, A.C. 2006. Regulatory volume increase (RVI) by in situ and isolated bovine articular chondrocytes. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 209 (2), pp. 481-492. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.20758

siRNA mediated inhibition of regulatory volume increase in the chondrocytic cell line C-20/A4
Qusous, A., Hook, C.S.V., McRobb, L. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2006. siRNA mediated inhibition of regulatory volume increase in the chondrocytic cell line C-20/A4. Orthopaedic Research Society. Transactions of the Annual Meeting. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 31 (0291).

Advanced online learning to support student-centred active learning
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Mackenzie, J., Raymond, R. and Patterson, A. 2006. Advanced online learning to support student-centred active learning. University of Westminster Teaching & Learning Symposium. University of Westminster, London 2006 Association for Learning Technology.

Confocal microscopy for the identification of glycosylation changes associated with metastatic colorectal cancer
Zeqiraj, E., Saint-Guirons, J., Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Dwek, M. 2005. Confocal microscopy for the identification of glycosylation changes associated with metastatic colorectal cancer. The Molecular Biology of Colorectal Cancer. UBHT Education Centre, Bristol, UK 10 - 11 Mar 2005

Stimulation of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) by isolated bovine articular chondrocytes following F-actin disruption using latrunculin B
Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Hall, A.C. 2005. Stimulation of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) by isolated bovine articular chondrocytes following F-actin disruption using latrunculin B. Biorheology. 42 (4), pp. 283-293.

Online, interactive technologies to support e-learning
Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2005. Online, interactive technologies to support e-learning. University of Westminster Teaching & Learning Symposium. University of Westminster, London 2005 Association for Learning Technology.

Absence of regulatory volume increase (RVI) in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Matskevitch, I., Flatman, P.W. and Hall, A.C. 2002. Absence of regulatory volume increase (RVI) in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes. European Journal of Physiology. 443, pp. S288-S289.

Differential mechanisms of intracellular pH (pHi) recovery following acid load to in situ bovine articular chondrocytes within different cartilage zones
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Hall, A.C. and O'Neill, J.R. 2002. Differential mechanisms of intracellular pH (pHi) recovery following acid load to in situ bovine articular chondrocytes within different cartilage zones. Journal of Physiology. 544P, p. 108P.

The role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in bovine articular chondrocytes
Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Hall, A.C. 2002. The role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in bovine articular chondrocytes. Journal of Physiology. 544P, p. S123.

Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) by articular chondrocytes isolated from normal and degenerate human articular cartilage
Hall, A.C., Kerrigan, M.J.P., Bush, P.G. and Dunlop, D. 2002. Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) by articular chondrocytes isolated from normal and degenerate human articular cartilage. European Journal of Physiology. 443, p. S236.

Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) by avian articular chondrocytes following hypotonic challenge
Kerrigan, M.J.P., Edmonston, J.L. and Hall, A.C. 2001. Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) by avian articular chondrocytes following hypotonic challenge. Journal of Physiology. 535P, p. S015.

The role of [Ca2+](i) in mediating regulatory volume decrease in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes
Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Hall, A.C. 2000. The role of [Ca2+](i) in mediating regulatory volume decrease in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes. Journal of Physiology. 527P, pp. S42-S43.

Permalink - https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9132q/regulation-of-chondrocyte-regulatory-volume-decrease-rvd-by-ca2-i-and-cell-shape


Share this

Usage statistics

149 total views
0 total downloads
These values cover views and downloads from WestminsterResearch and are for the period from September 2nd 2018, when this repository was created.