Chong, Nelson W., Haque, R., Chaurasia, S.S., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. 2004. Retinal melatonin biosynthesis: interactions of A/T–rich regions and CRE–like sequences contribute to cAMP–dependent regulation of the chicken AANAT promoter. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 45 (13).
| Title | Retinal melatonin biosynthesis: interactions of A/T–rich regions and CRE–like sequences contribute to cAMP–dependent regulation of the chicken AANAT promoter |
|---|---|
| Authors | Chong, Nelson W., Haque, R., Chaurasia, S.S., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. |
| Abstract | Purpose:Arylalkylamine N–acetyltransferase (AANAT) is the key regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of melatonin. Previous studies have shown that AANAT activity and the abundance of AANAT mRNA in the chicken photoreceptor cells are regulated by cAMP–dependent mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to identify regulatory elements within the AANAT gene promoter responsible for cAMP–dependent induction. Methods: Photoreceptor–enriched retinal cell cultures were prepared from 6–day–old embryos and were incubated for 5 days. Cells were transfected with pGL3 plasmid containing the wild type and mutated AANAT promoter constructs fused to luciferase. To examine the influence of cAMP, cells were treated with 10µM forskolin and incubated for 6 h before harvesting for measurement of luciferase activity. For DNA–protein binding experiments, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) of nuclear proteins was performed with wild type and mutated oligonucleotides. Results:Forskolin–treatment stimulated luciferase activity driven by a 4 kb reporter construct and all 5’–deletion constructs except the smallest, AANAT (–217 to +120)luc. Both the basal and forskolin–stimulated expression levels were maximal with AANAT (–484 to +120)luc, which contains an 8 x TTATT repeat (TTATT8 ) and three CRE–like sequences, designated CLS1–3. Basal expression of AANAT (–217 to +120)luc, which does not contain the TTATT8 sequence, was minimal and unresponsive to forskolin. EMSA demonstrated a number of nuclear protein complexes that bind to the TTATT8 sequence and CLS1–3. Proteins that bound to the TTATT8 sequence were displaced by unlabeled TTATT oligonucleotides, and also by an oligonucleotide containing CLS1, suggesting an interaction between these sites. Mutations of TTATT8 or CLS1 reduced protein binding and eliminated forskolin–stimulated promoter activity. Supershift EMSA using c–Fos and delta CREB antibodies identified these factors as probable components of the protein complexes that bind to the TTATT8 and CLS sites. Conclusions:Transcription driven by this promoter is enhanced by activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade. This appears to be mediated by CLS elements in the promoter acting in concert with the TTATT8 motif, and that combination mediates the full cAMP–induced transcriptional response of a 484 bp segment of AANAT proximal promoter, in the absence of a consensus CRE. |
| Keywords | photoreceptors, melatonin, gene/expression |
| Journal | Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |
| Journal citation | 45 (13) |
| ISSN | 0146-0404 |
| Year | 2004 |
| Publisher | Cadmus |
| Publication dates | |
| Published | May 2004 |
The pineal hormone melatonin inhibits doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes
Kasi Ganeshan, T., Bell, J.D. and Chong, Nelson W. 2019. The pineal hormone melatonin inhibits doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. ESC Congress 2019. Paris, France 31 Aug - 04 Sep 2019
The pineal hormone melatonin inhibits doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes
Kasi Ganeshan, T., Bell, J.D. and Chong, Nelson W. 2019. The pineal hormone melatonin inhibits doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Heart Failure 2019 and the World Congress on Acute Heart Failure. Megaron Athens International Conference Centre, Greece 25 - 28 May 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1488
Getting rhythm: how do babies do it?
Joseph, D., Chong, Nelson W., Shanks, M.E., Rosato, E., Taub, N.A., Petersen, S.A., Symonds, M.E., Whitehouse, W.P. and Wailoo, M. 2015. Getting rhythm: how do babies do it? Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 100 (1), pp. F50-F54. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306104
O067 STARS SiRNA knockdown altered cardiac hypertrophy associated gene expression in cardiac myoblasts and rendered cells susceptible to hydrogen peroxide induced cell death
Fothergill, D.P. and Chong, Nelson W. 2014. O067 STARS SiRNA knockdown altered cardiac hypertrophy associated gene expression in cardiac myoblasts and rendered cells susceptible to hydrogen peroxide induced cell death. Global Heart. 9 (1 Supp), pp. e18-e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2014.03.1281
The circadian timing system and cardiac function: ticking clocks in beating hearts
Chong, Nelson W. 2013. The circadian timing system and cardiac function: ticking clocks in beating hearts. International conference on “Developmental Physiology”. Kilworth Hotel, Leicestershire 20-21 June 2013
Melatonin and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias
Chong, Nelson W. 2013. Melatonin and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. The 77th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society. Yokohama, Japan March 2013
Cardiac expression of STARS, a novel gene involved in cardiac development and disease, is regulated by GATA4
Ounzain, S., Kobayashi, S., Peterson, R., He, A., Samani, N.J., Menick, D.R., Pu, W.T., Liang, Q. and Chong, Nelson W. 2012. Cardiac expression of STARS, a novel gene involved in cardiac development and disease, is regulated by GATA4. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (10), pp. 1830-1843. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.06374-11
STARS (striated muscle activator of rho signalling) is essential to maintain cardiac development and function in vivo via a SRF pathway
Chong, Nelson W., Koekemoer, A.L., Ounzain, S., Samani, N.J., Shin, J.T. and Shaw, S.Y. 2012. STARS (striated muscle activator of rho signalling) is essential to maintain cardiac development and function in vivo via a SRF pathway. PLoS ONE. 7 (7) e40966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040966
The Abra gene: a crucial factor for cardiac development and disease
Chong, Nelson W. 2012. The Abra gene: a crucial factor for cardiac development and disease. International conference on “Developmental Physiology”. Kilworth Hotel, Leicestershire June 2012
Melatonin synthesis in retina: cAMP-dependent transcriptional regulation of chicken arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase by a CRE-like sequence and a TTATT repeat motif in the proximal promoter
Haque, R., Chong, Nelson W., Ali, F., Chaurasia, S.S., Sengupta, T., Chun, E., Howell, J.C., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. 2011. Melatonin synthesis in retina: cAMP-dependent transcriptional regulation of chicken arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase by a CRE-like sequence and a TTATT repeat motif in the proximal promoter. Journal of Neurochemistry. 119 (1), pp. 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07397.x
Cardiac-specific RNAi knockdown of Abra disrupts heart function and alters lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
Beaumont, K.L., Rosato, E. and Chong, Nelson W. 2011. Cardiac-specific RNAi knockdown of Abra disrupts heart function and alters lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. European Heart Journal. 32 (sup. 1), p. 812. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr324
Circadian rhythm development related to sleeping patterns in human infants
Chong, Nelson W. and Joseph, D. 2010. Circadian rhythm development related to sleeping patterns in human infants. ISA and ISPID Joint Conference. Sydney, Australia 08 Oct 2010
Different sleep trajectories in childhood: from typical development to ADHD, autism and obesity
Chong, Nelson W. and Joseph, D. 2010. Different sleep trajectories in childhood: from typical development to ADHD, autism and obesity. Congress of the International Pediatric Sleep Association joint meeting with Pediatric Sleep Medicine Conference. Sala Capranica, Hotel Nazionale, Rome, Italy 05 Dec 2010
Identification of histone modification and associated histone deacetylase sensitivity in conserved cis-regulatory domains of the Abra gene
Ounzain, S., Bingham, A.J., Wood, I.C. and Chong, Nelson W. 2010. Identification of histone modification and associated histone deacetylase sensitivity in conserved cis-regulatory domains of the Abra gene. European Heart Journal. 31 (Sup 1), pp. 418-419. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq288
RNAi inhibition of the circadian factor ROR alpha renders primary ventricular cardiomyocytes pro-arrhythmogenic
Chong, Nelson W., Rainbow, R.D., Rogard, M. and Mariani, J. 2010. RNAi inhibition of the circadian factor ROR alpha renders primary ventricular cardiomyocytes pro-arrhythmogenic. European Heart Journal. 31 (sup. 1), p. 896. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq290
Melatonin protects isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes from high glucose induced arrhythmias
Chong, Nelson W. 2010. Melatonin protects isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes from high glucose induced arrhythmias. Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) conference. Florida May 2010
Myocyte stress 1 plays an important role in cellular hypertrophy and protection against apoptosis
Koekemoer, A.L., Chong, Nelson W., Goodall, A.H. and Samani, N.J. 2009. Myocyte stress 1 plays an important role in cellular hypertrophy and protection against apoptosis. FEBS Letters. 583 (17), pp. 2964-2967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.08.011
The canonical e-box motif: a target for glucocorticoid action that drives rhythmic mouse Pai-1 transcription in vitro
Singletary, J.H., Chan, D., Samani, N.J. and Chong, Nelson W. 2008. The canonical e-box motif: a target for glucocorticoid action that drives rhythmic mouse Pai-1 transcription in vitro. Gene. 420 (1), pp. 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.05.004
Mother-baby sleep interactions
Chong, Nelson W., Joseph, D., Rosato, E., Taub, N., Shanks, M. and Wailoo, M. 2008. Mother-baby sleep interactions. SIDS 10th International Conference. Portsmouth, UK Jun 2008
Comparative in silico analysis identifies bona fide MyoD binding sites within the myocyte stress 1 gene promoter
Ounzain, S., Dacwag, C.S., Samani, N.J., Imbalzano, A.N. and Chong, Nelson W. 2008. Comparative in silico analysis identifies bona fide MyoD binding sites within the myocyte stress 1 gene promoter. BMC Molecular Biology. 9 (50). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2199-9-50
Platelets induce Pai-1 mRNA expression in monocytes through TGF-BETA
Chong, Nelson W., Chan, D., Codd, V., Goodall, A.H. and Wright, J. 2007. Platelets induce Pai-1 mRNA expression in monocytes through TGF-BETA. British Atheroscelorosis Society Spring Meeting. MSTC, Magdalen College, Oxford 23 Mar 2007
Expression of myocyte stress 1 (ms1), a novel gene involved in cardiac development and hypertrophy is regulated by evolutionarily conserved GATA motifs
Chong, Nelson W., Ounzain, S., Menick, D.R. and Samani, N.J. 2007. Expression of myocyte stress 1 (ms1), a novel gene involved in cardiac development and hypertrophy is regulated by evolutionarily conserved GATA motifs. British Cardiovascular Society Annual Scientific Conference. Glasgow, Scotland 07 Jun 2007
Expression of myocyte stress 1 (ms1), a novel gene involved in cardiac development and hypertrophy is regulated by evolutionary conserved GATA motifs
Chong, Nelson W., Ounzain, S., Menick, D.R. and Samani, N.J. 2007. Expression of myocyte stress 1 (ms1), a novel gene involved in cardiac development and hypertrophy is regulated by evolutionary conserved GATA motifs. ESC Congress 2007. Vienna, Austria Sep 2007
Platelet PAI-1 is dependent on the 4G/5G polymorphism
Chong, Nelson W., Chan, D., Goodall, A.H. and Wright, J. 2007. Platelet PAI-1 is dependent on the 4G/5G polymorphism. XXIst Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Geneva, Switzerland Jul 2007
Myocyte Stress 1 (ms1): a novel nexus that integrates the SRF and GATA4 cardiac gene regulatory networks
Chong, Nelson W., Ounzain, S., Menick, D.R. and Samani, N.J. 2007. Myocyte Stress 1 (ms1): a novel nexus that integrates the SRF and GATA4 cardiac gene regulatory networks. 32nd FEBS Congress 2007: Molecular Machines and their Dynamics in Fundamental Cellular Functions. Vienna, Austria Jul 2007
A conserved E-box module drives rhythmic mouse Pai-1 transcription in vitro and provides a cognate binding site clock and hypoxic factors
Chong, Nelson W., Singletary, J.H., Chan, D. and Samani, N.J. 2007. A conserved E-box module drives rhythmic mouse Pai-1 transcription in vitro and provides a cognate binding site clock and hypoxic factors. Joint Meeting of The Slovak Physiological Society, The Physiological Society and The Federation of European Physiological Societies. Bratislava, Slovakia Sep 2007
Circadian clock genes cause activation of the human PAI-1 gene promoter with 4G/5G allelic preference
Chong, Nelson W., Codd, V., Chan, D. and Samani, N.J. 2006. Circadian clock genes cause activation of the human PAI-1 gene promoter with 4G/5G allelic preference. FEBS Letters. 580 (18), pp. 4469-4472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.014
Knockdown in zebrafish supports an important role for myocyte stress (ms1) in cardiac development and function
Chong, Nelson W., Samani, N.J., Mahadeva, H., Koekemoer, A.L. and Shaw, S.Y. 2006. Knockdown in zebrafish supports an important role for myocyte stress (ms1) in cardiac development and function. European Heart Journal. 27 (1), p. 473.
Knockdown in zebrafish supports important role for myocyte stress (ms1) in cardiac development and function
Chong, Nelson W. 2006. Knockdown in zebrafish supports important role for myocyte stress (ms1) in cardiac development and function. ESC Congress 2006. Barcelona, Spain Sep 2006
Over-expression of myocyte stress 1 protein in vitro switches on the fetal gene programme and anti-apoptotic pathways
Chong, Nelson W., Koekemoer, A.L. and Samani, N.J. 2005. Over-expression of myocyte stress 1 protein in vitro switches on the fetal gene programme and anti-apoptotic pathways. European Heart Journal. 26, p. 63.
Over-expression of myocyte stress 1 protein in vitro switches on the fetal gene programme and anti-apoptotic pathways
Chong, Nelson W. 2005. Over-expression of myocyte stress 1 protein in vitro switches on the fetal gene programme and anti-apoptotic pathways. ESC Congress 2005. Stockholm, Sweden Sep 2005
Characterization of expressed sequence tags from a gallus gallus pineal gland cDNA library
Hartman, S., Touchton, G., Wynn, J., Geng, T., Chong, Nelson W. and Smith, E. 2005. Characterization of expressed sequence tags from a gallus gallus pineal gland cDNA library. Comparative and Functional Genomics. 6 241028 . https://doi.org/10.1002/cfg.484
Temporal–spatial characterization of chicken clock genes: circadian expression in retina, pineal gland, and peripheral tissues
Chong, Nelson W., Chaurasia, S.S., Haque, R., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. 2003. Temporal–spatial characterization of chicken clock genes: circadian expression in retina, pineal gland, and peripheral tissues. Journal of Neurochemistry. 85 (4), pp. 851-860. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01723.x
Circadian expression of Bmal1 in chicken retina, pineal gland, and peripheral tissues
Chong, Nelson W., Haque, R., Chaurasia, S.S., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. 2003. Circadian expression of Bmal1 in chicken retina, pineal gland, and peripheral tissues. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 44 (13).
Expression of cMOP4, a putative clock component in retina, pineal gland and peripheral tissues
Chong, Nelson W., Chaurasia, S.S., Haque, R., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. 2003. Expression of cMOP4, a putative clock component in retina, pineal gland and peripheral tissues. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 44 (13).
ms1, a novel stress-responsive, muscle-specific gene that is up-regulated in the early stages of pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy
Mahadeva, H., Brooks, G., Lodwick, D., Chong, Nelson W. and Samani, N.J. 2002. ms1, a novel stress-responsive, muscle-specific gene that is up-regulated in the early stages of pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy. FEBS Letters. 521 (1-3), pp. 100-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02833-8
Chickens’ Cry2: molecular analysis of an avian cryptochrome in retinal and pineal photoreceptors
Bailey, M.J., Chong, Nelson W., Xiong, J. and Cassone, V.M. 2002. Chickens’ Cry2: molecular analysis of an avian cryptochrome in retinal and pineal photoreceptors. FEBS Letters. 513 (2-3), pp. 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02276-7
Melatonin biosynthesis in chick retinal photoreceptor cells: developmental and cAMP-stimulated expression of serotonin N-acetyltransferase promoter constructs
Chong, Nelson W., Haque, R., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. 2001. Melatonin biosynthesis in chick retinal photoreceptor cells: developmental and cAMP-stimulated expression of serotonin N-acetyltransferase promoter constructs. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 42 (4), p. S354.
Characterization of the chicken serotonin N-acetyltransferase gene: activation via clock gene heterodimer/E-box interaction
Chong, Nelson W., Bernard, M. and Klein, D.C. 2000. Characterization of the chicken serotonin N-acetyltransferase gene: activation via clock gene heterodimer/E-box interaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (42), pp. 32991-32998. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M005671200
Melatonin biosynthesis in chicken retina: regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Iuvone, P.M., Chong, Nelson W., Bernard, M., Brown, A.D., Thomas, K.B. and Klein, D.C. 2000. Melatonin biosynthesis in chicken retina: regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 460, pp. 31-42.
Melatonin synthesis pathway: circadian regulation of the genes encoding the key enzymes in the chicken pineal gland and retina
Bernard, M., Guerlotte, J., Greve, P., Grechez-Cassiau, A., Iuvone, P.M., Zatz, M., Chong, Nelson W., Klein, D.C. and Voisin, P. 1999. Melatonin synthesis pathway: circadian regulation of the genes encoding the key enzymes in the chicken pineal gland and retina. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 39 (3), pp. 325-334.
Circadian expression of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA in the chicken retina
Chong, Nelson W., Cassone, V.M., Bernard, M., Klein, D.C. and Iuvone, P.M. 1998. Circadian expression of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA in the chicken retina. Molecular Brain Research. 61 (1-2), pp. 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00219-8
Reduction of gaba and glutamate transporter messenger rnas in the severe-seizure genetically epilepsy-prone rat
Akbar, M.T., Rattray, M., Williams, R.J., Chong, Nelson W. and Meldrum, B.S. 1998. Reduction of gaba and glutamate transporter messenger rnas in the severe-seizure genetically epilepsy-prone rat. Neuroscience. 85 (4), pp. 1235-1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00684-2
Rapid identification of novel genes expressed in a circadian manner in rat suprachiasmatic nuclei
Chong, Nelson W., Cagampang, F.R.A., Coen, C.W., Campbell, I.C. and Powell, J.F. 1996. Rapid identification of novel genes expressed in a circadian manner in rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. NeuroReport. 7 (6), pp. 1199-1203.
Circadian variation of EAAC1 glutamate transporter messenger RNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei
Cagampang, F.R.A., Rattray, M., Powell, J.F., Chong, Nelson W., Campbell, I.C. and Coen, C.W. 1996. Circadian variation of EAAC1 glutamate transporter messenger RNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Molecular Brain Research. 35 (1-2), pp. 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-328X(95)00203-5
Structural requirements at the melatonin receptor
Sugden, D., Chong, Nelson W. and Lewis, D.F.V. 1995. Structural requirements at the melatonin receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. 114 (3), pp. 618-623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb17184.x
Thermodynamic analysis of agonist and antagonist binding to the chicken brain melatonin receptor
Chong, Nelson W. and Sugden, D. 1994. Thermodynamic analysis of agonist and antagonist binding to the chicken brain melatonin receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. 111 (1), pp. 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14059.x
Antigonadal effects of two novel melatonin analogues in adult Djungarian hamsters
Chong, Nelson W. and Sugden, D. 1993. Antigonadal effects of two novel melatonin analogues in adult Djungarian hamsters. Journal of Pineal Research. 15 (2), pp. 104-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00515.x
N-Bromoacetyl 5-Methoxytryptamine: an irreversible melatonin ligand?
Chong, Nelson W., Evans, J.E. and Sugden, D. 1993. N-Bromoacetyl 5-Methoxytryptamine: an irreversible melatonin ligand? Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 193 (3), pp. 1355-1361. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.1774
The ontogeny of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in chicken brain
Chong, Nelson W. and Sugden, D. 1992. The ontogeny of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in chicken brain. Neuroscience Letters. 138 (1), pp. 37-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(92)90466-K
Guanine nucleotides regulate 2-[125I]Iodomelatonin binding sites in chick retinal pigment epithelium but not in neuronal retina
Chong, Nelson W. and Sugden, D. 1991. Guanine nucleotides regulate 2-[125I]Iodomelatonin binding sites in chick retinal pigment epithelium but not in neuronal retina. Journal of Neurochemistry. 57 (2), pp. 685-689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03800.x
Characterization of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the brain of a marsupial, Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus)
Paterson, A., Chong, Nelson W., Brinklow, B., Loudon, A.L. and Sugden, D. 1991. Characterization of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the brain of a marsupial, Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 102, pp. 55-58.
Pharmacological identity of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in chicken brain and sheep pars tuberalis
Sugden, D. and Chong, Nelson W. 1991. Pharmacological identity of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in chicken brain and sheep pars tuberalis. Brain Research. 539 (1), pp. 151-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90698-U
l-NG-nitro arginine (l-NOARG), a novel, l-arginine-reversible inhibitor of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vitro
Moore, P.K., Al-Swayeh, O.A., Chong, Nelson W., Evans, R.A. and Gibson, A. 1990. l-NG-nitro arginine (l-NOARG), a novel, l-arginine-reversible inhibitor of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology. 99 (2), pp. 408-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14717.x
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