Female expatriates’ motivations and challenges: the case of oil and gas

Shortland, S. 2018. Female expatriates’ motivations and challenges: the case of oil and gas. Gender in Management: An International Journal. 33 (1), pp. 50-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2017-0021

TitleFemale expatriates’ motivations and challenges: the case of oil and gas
TypeJournal article
AuthorsShortland, S.
Abstract

Purpose

This case study is designed as a teaching exercise and this paper aims to highlight the key issues for organisations’ expatriating women within masculine industry sectors and/or into challenging international environments.

Design/methodology/approach

This case study draws together key published findings relating to women’s expatriation in the oil and gas exploration and production sector. It demonstrates a triangulated research design, drawing upon organisational policy from two oil and gas firms, semi-structured interviews with 14 human resource professionals and 26 female expatriates, as well as from 71 female assignees’ questionnaire responses.

Findings

Career and financial drivers underpin women’s motivations for accepting organisationally assigned expatriation. Women expatriates engage in satisficing and career compromise. The main challenges women face in masculine industries include access to expatriate roles because of limited female networks, family concerns, managing working time and work-life balance and coping with loneliness.

Research limitations/implications

The oil and gas case findings are based on a cross-sectional research design. The majority of female expatriates undertook long-term assignments; limited numbers engaged in flexpatriation.
Practical implications

While organisational policy supporting expatriation does not usually address gendered expatriate concerns specifically, inclusion of interventions that are identified by women as helpful to their expatriate participation can assist in increasing expatriate gender diversity.

Originality/value

This oil and gas research case brings together and presents a summary of the motivations, problems and challenges faced by women in male-dominated expatriate environments, together with relevant theoretical approaches and organisational interventions to help us understand and increase expatriate gender diversity.

JournalGender in Management: An International Journal
Journal citation33 (1), pp. 50-65
ISSN1754-2413)
Year2018
PublisherEmerald Publishing Limited
Accepted author manuscript
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2017-0021
Publication dates
Published15 Jan 2018

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Shortland, S. 2012. Women’s participation in expatriation: the contribution oforganisational policy & practice. A case study of the oil & gasexploration & production sector. PhD thesis University of Westminster Westminster Business School https://doi.org/10.34737/8z4x1

Drilling through gender stereotypes: improving prospects for female expatriation in oil and gas exploration and production?
Shortland, S. 2011. Drilling through gender stereotypes: improving prospects for female expatriation in oil and gas exploration and production? British Academy of Management Conference 2011 (BAM2011). Aston University, Birmingham 13 Sep 2011

Drilling through gender stereotypes: improving prospects for female expatriation in oil and gas exploration and production?
Shortland, S. 2011. Drilling through gender stereotypes: improving prospects for female expatriation in oil and gas exploration and production? Comparative Organisation and Equality Research Centre. London Metropolitan University, London Apr 2013

Rewarding performance in an international environment
Shortland, S. 2011. Rewarding performance in an international environment. Relocate. Spring 2011, pp. 20-21.

The changing nature of international assignments
Shortland, S. 2011. The changing nature of international assignments. Relocate. Summer 2011, pp. 10-11.

The changing nature of expatriate demographics
Shortland, S. 2011. The changing nature of expatriate demographics. Relocate. Summer 2011, pp. 16-17.

Emerging markets: tapping in to new talent
Shortland, S. 2011. Emerging markets: tapping in to new talent. Relocate. Autumn 2011, pp. 12-14.

Are flexible policies the smart solution?
Shortland, S. 2011. Are flexible policies the smart solution? Relocate. Winter 2011/12, pp. 22-24.

The ‘precondition effect’: The role of financial elements in relocation policy in supporting women’s expatriate participation in the oil and gas industry
Shortland, S. 2011. The ‘precondition effect’: The role of financial elements in relocation policy in supporting women’s expatriate participation in the oil and gas industry. London Metropolitan Business School Research Conference. London Metropolitan Business School, London Jul 2011

Drilling through gender stereotypes: improving prospects for female expatriation in oil and gas exploration and production?
Shortland, S. 2011. Drilling through gender stereotypes: improving prospects for female expatriation in oil and gas exploration and production? Comparative Organisation and Equality Research Centre. London Metropolitan University Feb 2011

Theoretical Perspectives on Expatriate Gender Diversity
Shortland, S. 2011. Theoretical Perspectives on Expatriate Gender Diversity. in: Mariano, S., Mohamed, M. and Mohiuddin, Q. (ed.) The Role of Expatriates in MNCs Knowledge Mobilization Bingley Emerald Publishing Limited. pp. 3-24

What do we really know about corporate career women expatriates?
Shortland, S. and Altman, Y. 2011. What do we really know about corporate career women expatriates? European Journal of International Management. 5 (3), pp. 209-234. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2011.039939

Networking: a valuable career intervention for women expatriates?
Shortland, S. 2011. Networking: a valuable career intervention for women expatriates? Career Development International. 16 (3), pp. 271-292. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111140165

Relocation policy development and review: trends and tips
Shortland, S. 2010. Relocation policy development and review: trends and tips. Relocate. Spring 2010, pp. 18-20.

Recent trends in international assignments
Shortland, S. 2010. Recent trends in international assignments. Relocate. Spring 2010, pp. 15-16.

Managing relocation: the role of change and communications management
Shortland, S. 2010. Managing relocation: the role of change and communications management. Relocate. Summer 2010, pp. 15-17.

In the wake of the volcano
Shortland, S. 2010. In the wake of the volcano. Relocate. Summer 2010, pp. 8-9.

Latest trends in international relocation unpacked
Shortland, S. 2010. Latest trends in international relocation unpacked. Relocate. Autumn 2010, pp. 18-21.

Spousal employment: the impact on international relocation
Shortland, S. 2010. Spousal employment: the impact on international relocation. Relocate. Winter 2010/11, pp. 16-17.

The changing nature of assignees and assignment types
Shortland, S. 2010. The changing nature of assignees and assignment types. Relocate. Autumn 2010, pp. 16-17.

New government: all change for relocation?
Shortland, S. 2010. New government: all change for relocation? Relocate. Autumn 2010, pp. 8-9.

An insight into the future of relocation
Shortland, S. 2010. An insight into the future of relocation. Relocate. Winter 2010/11, p. 11.

Women’s expatriate participation in oil and gas exploration and production
Shortland, S. 2010. Women’s expatriate participation in oil and gas exploration and production. Comparative Organisation and Equality Research Centre. London Metropolitan University, London May 2010

Networking: a valuable career intervention for women expatriates?
Shortland, S. 2010. Networking: a valuable career intervention for women expatriates? London Metropolitan Business School Research Conference. London Metropolitan Business School, London Jul 2010

Feedback within peer observation: continuing professional development and unexpected consequences
Shortland, S. 2010. Feedback within peer observation: continuing professional development and unexpected consequences. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. 47 (3), pp. 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2010.498181

Chair, ‘Winning Strategies in Relocation’
Shortland, S. 2009. Chair, ‘Winning Strategies in Relocation’. Re:Locate Conference 2009. London Nov 2009

International dual careers: latest policy and practice
Shortland, S. 2009. International dual careers: latest policy and practice. Relocate. Spring 2009, pp. 20-21.

Mergers and acquisitions
Shortland, S. 2009. Mergers and acquisitions. Relocate. Spring 2009, pp. 16-17.

Spouses partners and international assignments
Shortland, S. 2009. Spouses partners and international assignments. Relocate. Summer 2009, p. 17.

International policy design and review
Shortland, S. 2009. International policy design and review. Relocate. Summer 2009, pp. 12-13.

Winning strategies event showcases best practice
Shortland, S. 2009. Winning strategies event showcases best practice. Relocate. Winter 2009/10, p. 25.

Cultural issues: dealing with subtle cultural differences
Shortland, S. 2009. Cultural issues: dealing with subtle cultural differences. Relocate. Winter 2009/10, p. 24.

Alternative assignment types
Shortland, S. 2009. Alternative assignment types. Relocate. Winter 2009/10, pp. 18-19.

Policy design in challenging times
Shortland, S. 2009. Policy design in challenging times. Re:Locate Conference 2009. London Jun 2009

What do we really know about corporate career women expatriates?
Shortland, S. and Altman, Y. 2009. What do we really know about corporate career women expatriates? London Metropolitan Business School Research Conference. London Metropolitan Business School, London Jul 2009

Gender diversity in expatriation: evaluating theoretical perspectives
Shortland, S. 2009. Gender diversity in expatriation: evaluating theoretical perspectives. British Academy of Management Conference 2009 (BAM2009). Brighton Centre, Brighton 15 - 17 Sep 2009

Gender diversity in expatriation: evaluating theoretical perspectives
Shortland, S. 2009. Gender diversity in expatriation: evaluating theoretical perspectives. Gender in Management. 24 (5), pp. 365-386. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910968814

Chair, ‘Best Practice in Relocation’
Shortland, S. 2008. Chair, ‘Best Practice in Relocation’. Re:Locate Conference 2008. London Nov 2008

Expatriates and work-life balance
Shortland, S. 2008. Expatriates and work-life balance. Relocate. Winter 2007/08, pp. 12-14.

Change in the international arena
Shortland, S. 2008. Change in the international arena. Relocate. Spring 2008, pp. 28-29.

Making sense of international experiences
Shortland, S. 2008. Making sense of international experiences. Relocate. Autumn 2008, pp. 29-30.

What's hot in relocation?
Shortland, S. 2008. What's hot in relocation? Relocate. Autumn 2008, pp. 21-22.

Talent management: implications for relocation professionals
Shortland, S. 2008. Talent management: implications for relocation professionals. Relocate. Winter 2008, pp. 30-31.

Calling relocation heroes!
Shortland, S. 2008. Calling relocation heroes! Relocate. Winter 2008, pp. 22-23.

Women and international assignments: Taking stock-a 25-year review
Altman, Y. and Shortland, S. 2008. Women and international assignments: Taking stock-a 25-year review. Human Resource Management. 42 (2), pp. 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20208

Managing internationally mobile personnel
Shortland, S. 2008. Managing internationally mobile personnel. in: Porter, C., Bingham, C. and Simmonds, D.A.J. (ed.) Exploring human resource management London, UK McGraw-Hill. pp. 399-421

Chair, ‘What’s Happening in International HR?’
Shortland, S. 2007. Chair, ‘What’s Happening in International HR?’. CIPD International Forum. London Oct 2007

Off-shoring: a cultural dilemma?
Shortland, S. 2007. Off-shoring: a cultural dilemma? Relocate. Spring 2007, pp. 14-16.

The new face of the trailing spouse
Shortland, S. 2007. The new face of the trailing spouse. Relocate. Summer 2007, pp. 24-25.

International reward and recognition: recent research findings
Shortland, S. 2007. International reward and recognition: recent research findings. Relocate. Summer 2007, pp. 22-23.

Role models, mentors, sponsors and networks: facilitators of international adjustment
Shortland, S. 2007. Role models, mentors, sponsors and networks: facilitators of international adjustment. Relocate. Autumn 2007, pp. 14-15.

Inspirational relocation!
Shortland, S. 2007. Inspirational relocation! Relocate. Autumn 2007, pp. 22-23.

Culture: a question of difference, dilemma or diversity?
Shortland, S. 2007. Culture: a question of difference, dilemma or diversity? Relocate. Autumn 2007, pp. 14-15.

Managing international assignments: ensuring a smoother ride
Shortland, S. 2007. Managing international assignments: ensuring a smoother ride. Relocate. Autumn 2007, pp. 24-25.

Work-life balance: expatriates reflect the international dimension
Shortland, S. and Cummins, S. 2007. Work-life balance: expatriates reflect the international dimension. Global Business and Organizational Excellence. 26 (6), pp. 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.20172

Conference and survey roundup: Autumn 2007
Shortland, S. 2007. Conference and survey roundup: Autumn 2007. Relocate. Winter 2007/08, pp. 24-25.

Women’s participation in international mobility as expatriates: current trends and issues
Shortland, S. 2007. Women’s participation in international mobility as expatriates: current trends and issues. Managing Expatriates and Globally Mobile Employees Conference. London Nov 2007

Participation, justice and trust within developmental peer observation of teaching: a model and research agenda
Shortland, S. 2007. Participation, justice and trust within developmental peer observation of teaching: a model and research agenda. International Journal of Management Education. 6 (1), pp. 27-37.

Women’s participation in international mobility
Shortland, S. 2006. Women’s participation in international mobility. Re:Locate Conference 2006. London Jun 2006

Women’s participation in international mobility
Shortland, S. 2006. Women’s participation in international mobility. Re:Locate Conference 2009. London Jun 2009

Chair, 'Managing Expatriates and Globally Mobile Employees'
Shortland, S. 2006. Chair, 'Managing Expatriates and Globally Mobile Employees' . Taylor & Francis Conference. London Sep 2006

Management development in an international context
Shortland, S. 2006. Management development in an international context. Relocate. Spring 2006, pp. 12-13.

Commuting: the alternative to relocation?
Shortland, S. 2006. Commuting: the alternative to relocation? Relocate. Summer 2006, pp. 14-16.

When mentoring matters most
Shortland, S. 2006. When mentoring matters most. Relocate. Summer 2006, pp. 8-10.

Cream of the crop
Shortland, S. 2006. Cream of the crop. Relocate. Autumn 2006, pp. 20-21.

Virtual working versus relocation
Shortland, S. 2006. Virtual working versus relocation. Relocate. Autumn 2006, pp. 18-19.

Clearing the mobility hurdles
Shortland, S. 2006. Clearing the mobility hurdles. Relocate. Autumn 2006, pp. 8-9.

Conference and survey round-up
Shortland, S. 2006. Conference and survey round-up. Relocate. Winter 2006/07, pp. 24-25.

The rise and rise of female expatriates
Shortland, S. 2006. The rise and rise of female expatriates. Relocate. Winter 2006/07, pp. 8-10.

Dual career and family issues in domestic and international relocation
Shortland, S. 2006. Dual career and family issues in domestic and international relocation. Re:Locate Conference 2006. London Jun 2006

Women’s participation in international mobility
Shortland, S. 2006. Women’s participation in international mobility. ORC Conference. London Oct 2006

Strategic International Human Resource Management: Choices and Consequences in Multinational People Management. Second edition
Perkins, S.J. and Shortland, S. 2006. Strategic International Human Resource Management: Choices and Consequences in Multinational People Management. Second edition. Kogan Page.

Cultural awareness: an essential, not an add-on
Shortland, S. 2005. Cultural awareness: an essential, not an add-on. Relocate. Spring 2005, pp. 26-27.

Welcome returns
Shortland, S. 2005. Welcome returns. Relocate. Spring 2005, pp. 22-23.

A moving experience
Shortland, S. 2005. A moving experience. Relocate. Summer 2005, pp. 24-26.

Prepared for abroad
Shortland, S. 2005. Prepared for abroad. Relocate. Summer 2005, pp. 22-23.

Employer of choice: the relocation dimension
Shortland, S. 2005. Employer of choice: the relocation dimension. Relocate. Summer 2005, pp. 8-12.

Women and international mobility: alien invader or superior assignee?
Shortland, S. 2005. Women and international mobility: alien invader or superior assignee? Innovations in International HR. 31 (3), pp. 5-6.

The impact of expatriation on spouses' career paths
Shortland, S. 2005. The impact of expatriation on spouses' career paths. Developing HR strategy. March 2005, pp. 23-25.

Work-life balance: the impact of policy and practice on the human resource function
Shortland, S. 2005. Work-life balance: the impact of policy and practice on the human resource function. IRConcepts Newsletter. Summer 2015, pp. 1-17.

The state we're in
Shortland, S. 2005. The state we're in. Relocate. Autumn 2005, pp. 22-23.

Appointing an A-Team
Shortland, S. 2005. Appointing an A-Team. Relocate. Autumn 2005, pp. 12-14.

Think cross-cultural for international success
Shortland, S. 2005. Think cross-cultural for international success. Relocate. Winter 2005, pp. 22-24.

Supporting the partners
Shortland, S. 2005. Supporting the partners. Relocate. Winter 2005, pp. 14-16.

The role of peer observation in Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
Shortland, S. 2005. The role of peer observation in Continuing Professional Development (CPD). HE Academy Conference. HE Academy, London Apr 2005

International relocation policy design: key principles
Shortland, S. 2004. International relocation policy design: key principles. Relocate. Summer 2004, pp. 18-19.

Short-term assignments: the solution to global mobility?
Shortland, S. 2004. Short-term assignments: the solution to global mobility? Relocate. Autumn 2004, pp. 18-19.

Communication: the aim of the group move game
Shortland, S. 2004. Communication: the aim of the group move game. Relocate. Autumn 2004, pp. 14-15.

Women and international assignments: from the 1980s to the 21st century
Shortland, S. and Altman, Y. 2004. Women and international assignments: from the 1980s to the 21st century. Academy of Management Conference. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 06 Aug 2004

Peer observation: a tool for staff development or compliance?
Shortland, S. 2004. Peer observation: a tool for staff development or compliance? Journal of Further and Higher Education. 28 (2), pp. 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877042000206778

‘Observing Teaching in HE: A case study of classroom observation within peer observation
Shortland, S. 2004. ‘Observing Teaching in HE: A case study of classroom observation within peer observation. International Journal of Management Education. 4 (2), pp. 3-15.

Student teacher collaborative reflection: perspectives on learning together
Peel, D. and Shortland, S. 2004. Student teacher collaborative reflection: perspectives on learning together. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. 41 (1), pp. 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/1470329032000172711

Learning through international experience
Shortland, S. 2003. Learning through international experience. Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (36), pp. 4-7.

Managing international assignment stress
Shortland, S. 2003. Managing international assignment stress. Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (37), pp. 12-15.

Women expatriates: a rare breed?
Shortland, S. 2003. Women expatriates: a rare breed? Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (40), pp. 5-7.

The impact of expatriation on spouses' career paths
Shortland, S. 2003. The impact of expatriation on spouses' career paths. Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (41), pp. 7-10.

Observing teaching in HE: a case study of classroom observation within peer observation
Shortland, S. 2003. Observing teaching in HE: a case study of classroom observation within peer observation. LTSN-BEST Conference. Brighton 09 Apr 2003

The impact of culture on international assignments
Shortland, S. 2002. The impact of culture on international assignments. Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (30), pp. 2-4.

Breaking down the dual career mobility barrier
Shortland, S. 2002. Breaking down the dual career mobility barrier. Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (33), pp. 8-10.

Why have an international assignment policy?
Shortland, S. 2002. Why have an international assignment policy? Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (35), pp. 2-5.

Women, aliens and international assignments
Altman, Y. and Shortland, S. 2001. Women, aliens and international assignments. Women In Management Review. 16 (3), pp. 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420110390291

Women managers abroad: a bright future from the ashes of the past?
Shortland, S. 2000. Women managers abroad: a bright future from the ashes of the past? Managing Internationally Mobile Employees Briefing. (10), pp. 8-10.

A Woman’s Guide to Managing Men
Hibbert, V. and Baker, S. 1995. A Woman’s Guide to Managing Men. Bowerdean Publishing.

International Relocation: A Global Perspective
Coyle, W. and Shortland, S. 1992. International Relocation: A Global Perspective. Butterworth Heinemann.

Relocation: a Practical Guide
Shortland, S. 1990. Relocation: a Practical Guide. Institute of Personnel Management.

Managing Relocation
Shortland, S. 1987. Managing Relocation. Macmillan.

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