NOX5: Molecular biology and pathophysiology

Rhian Touyz, Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou, Francisco Rios, Augusto C. Montezano and Livia L. Camargo 2019. NOX5: Molecular biology and pathophysiology. Experimental Physiology. 104 (5), pp. 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep086204

TitleNOX5: Molecular biology and pathophysiology
TypeJournal article
AuthorsRhian Touyz, Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou, Francisco Rios, Augusto C. Montezano and Livia L. Camargo
Abstract

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox), comprise seven family members (Nox1–Nox5 and dual oxidase 1 and 2) and are major producers of reactive oxygen species in mammalian cells. Reactive oxygen species are crucially involved in cell signalling and function. All Noxs share structural homology comprising six transmembrane domains with two haem-binding regions and an NADPH-binding region on the intracellular C-terminus, whereas their regulatory systems, mechanisms of activation and tissue distribution differ. This explains the diverse function of Noxs. Of the Noxs, NOX5 is unique in that rodents lack the gene, it is regulated by Ca2+, it does not require NADPH oxidase subunits for its activation, and it is not glycosylated. NOX5 localizes in the perinuclear and endoplasmic reticulum regions of cells and traffics to the cell membrane upon activation. It is tightly regulated through numerous post-translational modifications and is activated by vasoactive agents, growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The exact pathophysiological significance of NOX5 remains unclear, but it seems to be important in the physiological regulation of sperm motility, vascular contraction and lymphocyte differentiation, and NOX5 hyperactivation has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, kidney injury and cancer. The field of NOX5 biology is still in its infancy, but with new insights into its biochemistry and cellular regulation, discovery of the NOX5 crystal structure and genome-wide association studies implicating NOX5 in disease, the time is now ripe to advance NOX5 research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of NOX5, from basic biology to human disease, and highlights the unique characteristics of this enigmatic Nox isoform.

JournalExperimental Physiology
Journal citation104 (5), pp. 605-616
ISSN0958-0670
1469-445X
Year2019
PublisherThe Physiological Society
Publisher's version
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1113/ep086204
Web address (URL)http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep086204
Publication dates
Published01 May 2019

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