James, M. and Osborn, G. 2024. Athlete Activism at the Olympics: Challenging the Legality of Rule 50 as a Restriction on Freedom of Expression. in: Boillet, V., Weerts, S. and Ziegler, A.R. (ed.) Sports and Human Rights Springer Nature. pp. 187-216
| Chapter title | Athlete Activism at the Olympics: Challenging the Legality of Rule 50 as a Restriction on Freedom of Expression |
|---|---|
| Authors | James, M. and Osborn, G. |
| Editors | Boillet, V., Weerts, S. and Ziegler, A.R. |
| Abstract | Since Colin Kaepernick began taking the knee during the American national anthem to protest social injustice and inequality in the USA in 2016, athletes across a range of sports and from diverse national backgrounds have used their high media profiles to draw attention to the causes that they support. The International Olympic Committee, however, has maintained its stance that politics and sport should not mix, and that human rights should not be used as a tool to undermine the political autonomy of sport. Rule 50(2) of the Olympic Charter states that, “No kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites, venues or other areas”. Anyone in breach of this provision may be disqualified from their event and have their Olympic accreditation removed, a position that was reinforced by the guidance issued to athletes prior to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Using examples of athlete activism at Tokyo 2020 as case studies, this chapter will analyze whether any of these exercises of the right to freedom of expression were in breach of Rule 50(2). It will then examine whether the application of Rule 50(2) at Tokyo 2020 is compatible with Article 10 European Convention of Human Rights and the likely outcome of any challenge before the Court of Arbitration for Sport, the Swiss Federal Tribunal, and the European Court of Human Rights. It concludes by arguing for a complete overhaul of Rule 50(2) so that it promotes, rather than prohibits, freedom of expression. |
| Book title | Sports and Human Rights |
| Page range | 187-216 |
| Year | 2024 |
| Publisher | Springer Nature |
| Publication dates | |
| Published | 10 Jun 2024 |
| ISBN | 9783031564512 |
| 9783031564529 | |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56452-9_8 |
| File | License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open (open metadata and files) |
Law 3.0: Technology and Law In Entertainment Industry – The Case of Ticket Touting / Recht 3.0: Technologie und Recht in der Unterhaltungsindustrie – der Fall illegaler Ticketverkäufe
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2025. Forthcoming. Law 3.0: Technology and Law In Entertainment Industry – The Case of Ticket Touting / Recht 3.0: Technologie und Recht in der Unterhaltungsindustrie – der Fall illegaler Ticketverkäufe. Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie. The German Journal of Law and Society. 45 (1).
Go To Exhibition Brochure
Osborn, G. and Morrison, M. 2024. Go To Exhibition Brochure. University of Westminster.
Go To
Osborn, G. and Morrison, M. 2024. Go To. Soho Poly, London 19 - 28 Jun 2024
State of the Arts
Morrison, M. and Osborn, G. 2024. State of the Arts. Fabian Society.
Athlete Activism and Freedom Of Expression at Paris 2024
Mark James and Guy Osborn 2024. Athlete Activism and Freedom Of Expression at Paris 2024. Manchester Metropolitan University.
A new dawn for ticket regulation?
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2024. A new dawn for ticket regulation? Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. 22 (1), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.1582
Sharon Hodgson MP Interviewed
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2024. Sharon Hodgson MP Interviewed. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. 22 (1), pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.1584
Law and Film
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2024. Law and Film. in: Sandberg, R. and Newman, D. (ed.) Law and Humanities Anthem Press.
The Influence of European Legal Culture on the Evolution of Lex Olympica and Olympic Law
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2024. The Influence of European Legal Culture on the Evolution of Lex Olympica and Olympic Law. in: Duval, A., Krüger, A. and Lindholm, J. (ed.) The European Roots of the Lex Sportiva Hart Publishing. pp. 93-118
Programming Parks. How do Organized Events and Activities Affect the Inclusivity of Urban Green Spaces?
Smith, A., Osborn, G. and Vodicka, G. 2024. Programming Parks. How do Organized Events and Activities Affect the Inclusivity of Urban Green Spaces? Journal of Leisure Research. 55 (3), pp. 344-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2210563
Soho Poly Inspiring Future Generations: Educational Resource pack
Osborn, G. and Morrison, M. 2023. Soho Poly Inspiring Future Generations: Educational Resource pack.
Recalibrating the Olympics: Misplaced leverage and a relational turn?
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2023. Recalibrating the Olympics: Misplaced leverage and a relational turn? in: Olympic Laws: Culture, Values, Tensions Routledge.
Freedom of Expression and the Olympics
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2023. Freedom of Expression and the Olympics. in: James, M. and Osborn, G. (ed.) Olympic Laws: Culture, Values, Tensions Routledge.
Income and Earnings at the Olympic Games
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2023. Income and Earnings at the Olympic Games. in: James, M. and Osborn, G. (ed.) Olympic Laws: Culture, Values, Tensions Routledge.
The Curious Case of the IOC and the Creation of Olympic Law
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2023. The Curious Case of the IOC and the Creation of Olympic Law. in: James, M. and Osborn, G. (ed.) Olympic Laws: Culture, Values, Tensions Routledge.
Olympic Laws: Culture, Values, Tensions
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2023. Olympic Laws: Culture, Values, Tensions. Oxon Routledge.
Disrupting work and leisure in lockdown: the case of the Soho Poly
Morrison, M. and Osborn, G. 2023. Disrupting work and leisure in lockdown: the case of the Soho Poly. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure. 6, p. 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-023-00135-z
Festival City Futures: Reflections and Conclusions
Bernadette Quinn, Andrew Smith and Guy Osborn 2022. Festival City Futures: Reflections and Conclusions. in: Smith, A., Osborn, G. and Quinn, B. (ed.) Festivals and the City: The Contested Geographies of Urban Events University of Westminster.
The Festivalisation of London’s Parks: The Friends’ Perspective
Andrew Smith, Guy Osborn and Goran Vodicka 2022. The Festivalisation of London’s Parks: The Friends’ Perspective. in: Andrew Smith, Guy Osborn and Bernadette Quinn (ed.) Festivals and the City: The Contested Geographies of Urban Events University of Westminster.
Introduction: Festivalisation as a Contested Urban Strategy
Smith, A., Osborn, G. and Quinn, B. 2022. Introduction: Festivalisation as a Contested Urban Strategy. in: Smith, A., Osborn, G. and Quinn, B. (ed.) Festivals and the City: The Contested Geographies of Urban Events University of Westminster Press.
Private events in a public park: Contested music festivals and socio-spatial justice in Finsbury Park, London
Smith, A., Osborn, G. and Vodicka, G. 2022. Private events in a public park: Contested music festivals and socio-spatial justice in Finsbury Park, London. in: Plüschke-Altof, B. and Sooväli-Sepping, H. (ed.) Whose Green City? Springer. pp. 83-102
Parkour and Street Culture: Conviviality, law and the negotiation of urban space
Gilchrist, P. and Osborn, G. 2021. Parkour and Street Culture: Conviviality, law and the negotiation of urban space. in: Ross, J. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Street Culture Oxon Routledge.
The Night and Cultural Benefit : The Case for a Holistic Approach to Licensing
Roberts, M., Eldridge, A., Osborn, G. and Flacks, S. 2020. The Night and Cultural Benefit : The Case for a Holistic Approach to Licensing. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. 18 (1) 9. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.245
Flags of convenience? Sport & nationality at the Olympic and Paralympic Games
Osborn, G. and Greenfield, S. 2020. Flags of convenience? Sport & nationality at the Olympic and Paralympic Games. in: Chatziefstathiou, D., Garcia, B. and Seguin, B. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Routledge.
Ken Foster and the Development of UK Sports Law: A Reflective Interview
Greenfield, Steve, James, Mark and Osborn, Guy 2019. Ken Foster and the Development of UK Sports Law: A Reflective Interview. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.226
Pliant Bodies: Generic event laws and the normalisation of the exceptional
Osborn, G. and James, M. 2019. Pliant Bodies: Generic event laws and the normalisation of the exceptional. Australian and New Zealand Sports Law Journal.
Sport and the law: considerations for sports managers
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2018. Sport and the law: considerations for sports managers. in: Hassan, D. (ed.) Managing sport business: an introduction. 2nd edition Routledge.
Aspects Of London’s Evening And Night Time Economy: A Report for the Mayor of London/ GLA
Roberts, M., Osborn, G., Eldridge, A., Robinson, J. and Flacks, S. 2018. Aspects Of London’s Evening And Night Time Economy: A Report for the Mayor of London/ GLA. London MusicTank.
Risk and lifestyle sports: the case of bouldering
Osborn, G. 2017. Risk and lifestyle sports: the case of bouldering. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. 15 (5) 5. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.211
Signposting risk: Parkour parks and the materialities of regulation
Gilchrist, P. and Osborn, G. 2017. Signposting risk: Parkour parks and the materialities of regulation. in: Turner, D. and Carnicelli, S. (ed.) Lifestyle Sports and Public Policy London Routledge. pp. 157-179
Beyond Kolpak: EU Law’s unforeseen contribution to the movement of African Cricketers
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Rossouw, J. 2017. Beyond Kolpak: EU Law’s unforeseen contribution to the movement of African Cricketers. International Journal of the History of Sport. 33 (15), pp. 1748-1766. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1320987
Risk and benefits in lifestyle sports: parkour, law and social value
Gilchrist, P. and Osborn, G. 2017. Risk and benefits in lifestyle sports: parkour, law and social value. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 9 (1), pp. 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2016.1272619
Dancing on the Edge of Disciplines: Law and the Interdisciplinary Turn
Foster, K. and Osborn, G. 2016. Dancing on the Edge of Disciplines: Law and the Interdisciplinary Turn. in: Vamplew, W. and Dyreson, M. (ed.) Sports History. Volume IV: Flexible Boundaries Sage. pp. 17-30
Criminalising contract: does ticket touting warrant the protection of the criminal law?
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2016. Criminalising contract: does ticket touting warrant the protection of the criminal law? Criminal Law Review. 2016 (1), pp. 4-19.
The Olympics, transnational law and legal transplants: the International Olympic Committee, ambush marketing and ticket touting
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2016. The Olympics, transnational law and legal transplants: the International Olympic Committee, ambush marketing and ticket touting. Legal Studies. 36 (1), pp. 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/lest.12095
The Magic Screen: A History of Regent Street Cinema
Hunningher, J., Morgan-Tamosunas, R., Osborn, G. and Spankie, R. Penn, E. (ed.) 2015. The Magic Screen: A History of Regent Street Cinema. London University of Westminster.
Reconceptualising the standard of care in sport: The case of youth rugby in England and South Africa
Greenfield, S., Karstens, K., Osborn, G. and Rossouw, J.P. 2015. Reconceptualising the standard of care in sport: The case of youth rugby in England and South Africa. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal. 18 (6), pp. 2184-2217. https://doi.org/10.4314/PELJ.V18I6.05
Olympic brandscapes: London 2012 and the seeping commercialisation of public space
Osborn, G. and Smith, A. 2015. Olympic brandscapes: London 2012 and the seeping commercialisation of public space. in: Poynter, G., Viehoff, V. and Li, Y. (ed.) The London Olympics and urban development: the mega-event city London Routledge. pp. 139-153
The legal history of the Old Cinema: from 'disorderly house' to high-class cinematograph
Osborn, G. 2015. The legal history of the Old Cinema: from 'disorderly house' to high-class cinematograph. in: Hunningher, J., Morgan-Tamosunas, R., Osborn, G. and Spankie, R. (ed.) The magic screen: a history of Regent Street Cinema London University of Westminster. pp. 65-103
The impact of film and television on perceptions of law and justice: towards a realisable methodology?
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2014. The impact of film and television on perceptions of law and justice: towards a realisable methodology? in: Sherwin, R.K. and Wagner, A. (ed.) Law culture and visual studies Dordrecht, Netherlands Springer. pp. 1011-1028
The missing link: the coming out of ambush marketing?
Osborn, G. 2014. The missing link: the coming out of ambush marketing? lawinsport.com.
Sochi and protesting in the zone
Osborn, G. 2014. Sochi and protesting in the zone. thejusticegap.com.
IOC rules at Sochi go too far with ban on black armbands
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2014. IOC rules at Sochi go too far with ban on black armbands. theconversation.com.
World Cup 2014, right to protest and ‘über’ law
Osborn, G. 2014. World Cup 2014, right to protest and ‘über’ law. thejusticegap.com.
Wearing badges is not enough...
Osborn, G. 2014. Wearing badges is not enough... thejusticegap.com.
The responsible tweeter
Osborn, G. 2013. The responsible tweeter. thejusticegap.com.
Copyright law and power in the music industry
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2013. Copyright law and power in the music industry. in: Marshall, L. and Frith, S. (ed.) Music and Copyright. 2nd edition Routledge.
Guilty by association: Olympic law and the IP effect
Osborn, G. and James, M. 2013. Guilty by association: Olympic law and the IP effect. Intellectual Property Quarterly. 2, pp. 97-113.
Grounds for benefit: developing and protecting community benefit in football stadia
Brown, A., McGee, F. and Osborn, G. 2013. Grounds for benefit: developing and protecting community benefit in football stadia. Supporters Direct.
Classified: University of Westminster celebrates 100 years of the BBFC
Osborn, G. 2012. Classified: University of Westminster celebrates 100 years of the BBFC. University of Westminster, London, UK 2012
From beyond the grave: the legal regulation of mediumship
Osborn, G., Greenfield, S. and Roberts, S. 2012. From beyond the grave: the legal regulation of mediumship. International Journal of Law in Context. 8 (1), pp. 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552311000383
The poacher turned gamekeeper: James Ferman and the increasing intervention of the law
Osborn, G. and Sinclair, A. 2012. The poacher turned gamekeeper: James Ferman and the increasing intervention of the law. in: Lamberti, E. (ed.) Behind the scenes at the BBFC: film classification from the silver screen to the digital age Palgrave Macmillan.
The Olympics, the law and the contradictions of olympism
Osborn, G., James, M. and Greenfield, S. 2012. The Olympics, the law and the contradictions of olympism. in: Jefferson Lenskyj, H. and Wagg, S. (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of Olympic studies Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 304-317
The Olympic laws and the tensions and contradictions of promoting and preserving the Olympic ideal
Osborn, G. and James, M. 2012. The Olympic laws and the tensions and contradictions of promoting and preserving the Olympic ideal. in: Girnigov, V. (ed.) Handbook of the the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Routledge. pp. 74-86
The juridification of sport: a comparative analysis of children’s rugby and cricket in England and South Africa
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Rossouw, J.P. 2011. The juridification of sport: a comparative analysis of children’s rugby and cricket in England and South Africa. Journal for Juridical Science. 36 (1), pp. 85-104.
Sport and the law: considerations for sports managers
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2011. Sport and the law: considerations for sports managers. in: Trenberth, L. and Hassan, D. (ed.) Managing sport business: an introduction Routledge. pp. 285-298
Developing football regulation to encourage supporter community ownership in football
Brown, A., Jaquiss, K., James, M., Kiernan, A., Osborn, G., Boyle, D. and Hall, T. 2011. Developing football regulation to encourage supporter community ownership in football. Supporters Direct.
Developing public policy to encourage supporter community ownership in football
Brown, A., Jaquiss, K., James, M., Kiernan, A. and Osborn, G. 2011. Developing public policy to encourage supporter community ownership in football. Supporters Direct.
London 2012 and the impact of the UK’s Olympic and Paralympic legislation: protecting commerce or preserving culture?
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2011. London 2012 and the impact of the UK’s Olympic and Paralympic legislation: protecting commerce or preserving culture? Modern Law Review. 74 (3), pp. 410-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2011.00853.x
Dancing on the edge of disciplines: law and the interdisciplinary turn
Foster, K. and Osborn, G. 2010. Dancing on the edge of disciplines: law and the interdisciplinary turn. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. 8 (1), p. 2. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.41
Film and the law. 2nd edition
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2010. Film and the law. 2nd edition. Oxford Hart.
Regulating sport: finding a role for the law?
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2010. Regulating sport: finding a role for the law? Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. 13 (2), pp. 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430903523127
Law and regulation
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2010. Law and regulation. in: Chadwick, S. and Hamil, S. (ed.) Managing football: an international perspective London Butterworth Heinemann. pp. 73-84
Tickets, policy and social inclusion: can the European white paper on sport deliver?
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2009. Tickets, policy and social inclusion: can the European white paper on sport deliver? International Sports Law Journal. 2009 (1-2).
Matlock - America's greatest lawyer? A transatlantic perspective
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2009. Matlock - America's greatest lawyer? A transatlantic perspective. in: Asimow, M. (ed.) Lawyers in your living room! Law on television Chicago ABA Press. pp. 105-116
Judge John Deed! British TV lawyers in the 21st century
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2009. Judge John Deed! British TV lawyers in the 21st century. in: Asimow, M. (ed.) Lawyers in your living room: law on television Chicago ABA Press. pp. 205-216
Contradictions within the criminalisation of ticket touting: what should be the role of the law?
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Roberts, S. 2008. Contradictions within the criminalisation of ticket touting: what should be the role of the law? Web Journal of Current Legal Issues. 2008 (3).
Genre, iconography and British legal film
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2007. Genre, iconography and British legal film. Baltimore Law Review. 36 (3), pp. 371-391.
Understanding commercial music contracts: the place of contractual theory
Osborn, G. 2007. Understanding commercial music contracts: the place of contractual theory. Journal of Contract Law. 23, pp. 248-268.
A continental ambience? Lessons in managing alcohol-related evening and night-time entertainment from four European capitals
Roberts, M., Turner, C., Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2006. A continental ambience? Lessons in managing alcohol-related evening and night-time entertainment from four European capitals. Urban Studies. 43 (7), pp. 1105-1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600711423
Law, music and the creative process: who is an author?
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2006. Law, music and the creative process: who is an author? in: Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. (ed.) Readings in law and popular culture London, UK Routledge. pp. 310-324
Law, legal education and popular culture
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2006. Law, legal education and popular culture. in: Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. (ed.) Readings in law and popular culture London, UK Routledge. pp. 1-11
The double meaning of law: does it matter if film lawyers are unethical?
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2005. The double meaning of law: does it matter if film lawyers are unethical? in: Freeman, M. (ed.) Law and popular culture Oxford, UK Oxford University Press. pp. 638-650
Perceptions of lawyers: a transnational study of student views on the image of law and lawyers
Asimow, M., Greenfield, S., Jorge, G., Machura, S., Osborn, G., Robson, P., Sharp, C. and Sockloskie, R. 2005. Perceptions of lawyers: a transnational study of student views on the image of law and lawyers. International Journal of the Legal Profession. 12 (3), pp. 407-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695950500420358
Copyright law and power in the music industry
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2004. Copyright law and power in the music industry. in: Simon, F. and Marshall, L. (ed.) Music and copyright. 2nd edition Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. pp. 89-102
Film lawyers: Above and beyond the law
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2003. Film lawyers: Above and beyond the law. in: Mason, P. (ed.) Criminal Visions Willan Publishing.
Remote control: Legal censorship of the creative process
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2003. Remote control: Legal censorship of the creative process. in: Cloonan, M. and Garofalo, R. (ed.) Policing Pop Temple University.
A continental ambience? A study of the urban management of mixed-use entertainment neighbourhoods in northern European cities
Roberts, M., Newman, P., Bailey, Nick, Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Edmundson, T. 2002. A continental ambience? A study of the urban management of mixed-use entertainment neighbourhoods in northern European cities. London, UK Institute of Alcohol Studies.
Borders and boundaries: locating the law in film
Osborn, G. 2001. Borders and boundaries: locating the law in film. Journal of Law and Society. 28 (1), pp. 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00185
Film and the law
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2001. Film and the law. London, UK Cavendish Publishing.
Regulating football: commodification consumption and the law
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2001. Regulating football: commodification consumption and the law. London, UK Pluto.
Contract and control in the entertainment industry: Dancing on the edge of heaven
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1998. Contract and control in the entertainment industry: Dancing on the edge of heaven. Routledge.
Good technology? Music and the challenge of technology towards the fin de siècle
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1997. Good technology? Music and the challenge of technology towards the fin de siècle. Information and Communications Technology Law. 6 (1), pp. 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1997.9965756
Enough is enough: race, cricket and protest in the UK
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1997. Enough is enough: race, cricket and protest in the UK. Sociological Focus. 30 (4), pp. 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1997.10571087
Complete control? Judicial and practical approaches to the negotiation of commercial music contracts
Boon, A., Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1996. Complete control? Judicial and practical approaches to the negotiation of commercial music contracts. International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 24 (2), pp. 89-115. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijsl.1996.0009
Specificities: Oh to be in England? Mythology and identity in English cricket
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1996. Specificities: Oh to be in England? Mythology and identity in English cricket. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture. 2 (2), pp. 271-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504639652330
Culture, change, commodity and crisis: Cricket's timeless test
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1996. Culture, change, commodity and crisis: Cricket's timeless test. International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 24 (2), pp. 189-209. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijsl.1996.0013
The living law: Popular film as legal text
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1995. The living law: Popular film as legal text. The Law Teacher. 29 (1), pp. 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.1995.9992909
Permalink - https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/wqq33/athlete-activism-at-the-olympics-challenging-the-legality-of-rule-50-as-a-restriction-on-freedom-of-expression