Programming Parks. How do Organized Events and Activities Affect the Inclusivity of Urban Green Spaces?

Smith, A., Osborn, G. and Vodicka, G. 2024. Programming Parks. How do Organized Events and Activities Affect the Inclusivity of Urban Green Spaces? Journal of Leisure Research. 55 (3), pp. 344-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2210563

TitleProgramming Parks. How do Organized Events and Activities Affect the Inclusivity of Urban Green Spaces?
TypeJournal article
AuthorsSmith, A., Osborn, G. and Vodicka, G.
Abstract

Programming is one aspect of urban parks provision that has been neglected in existing research, even though it can provide flexible ways of connecting parks with their communities and attracting different users. Planned events and activities can also exclude, especially when they aim to generate income to help pay for parks. This paper analyzes park programming by using interviews and observations to analyze a significant case study, Finsbury Park in north London, which hosts a wide range of organized activities and events every year. The research assesses the compatibility of events and activities - with each other and with the aim to produce inclusive public space. We conclude that programming can produce more inclusive parks by making spaces more accessible, flexible, relatable and sociable. However, over-programming park space should be avoided and we recommend a looser approach that blurs the lines between organized, scheduled events and more informal, spontaneous happenings.

KeywordsParks
Festivals
Events
Inclusion
Green space
JournalJournal of Leisure Research
Journal citation55 (3), pp. 344-362
ISSN0022-2216
2159-6417
Year2024
PublisherTaylor & Francis
Publisher's version
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2210563
Publication dates
Published online29 Jun 2023
Published in print2024
ProjectFESTSPACE: Festivals, events and inclusive urban public spaces in Europe [Led by U West of Scotland]
FunderHERA (Humanities in European Research Area)

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Brown, A., Jaquiss, K., James, M., Kiernan, A., Osborn, G., Boyle, D. and Hall, T. 2011. Developing football regulation to encourage supporter community ownership in football. Supporters Direct.

Developing public policy to encourage supporter community ownership in football
Brown, A., Jaquiss, K., James, M., Kiernan, A. and Osborn, G. 2011. Developing public policy to encourage supporter community ownership in football. Supporters Direct.

Oslo’s new Opera House: cultural flagship, regeneration tool or destination icon?
Smith, A. and von Krogh Strand, I. 2011. Oslo’s new Opera House: cultural flagship, regeneration tool or destination icon? European Urban and Regional Studies. 18 (1), pp. 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776410382595

London 2012 and the impact of the UK’s Olympic and Paralympic legislation: protecting commerce or preserving culture?
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2011. London 2012 and the impact of the UK’s Olympic and Paralympic legislation: protecting commerce or preserving culture? Modern Law Review. 74 (3), pp. 410-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2011.00853.x

Dancing on the edge of disciplines: law and the interdisciplinary turn
Foster, K. and Osborn, G. 2010. Dancing on the edge of disciplines: law and the interdisciplinary turn. Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. 8 (1), p. 2. https://doi.org/10.16997/eslj.41

The role of national identity and tourism in city planning: the case of Valletta
Smith, A. 2010. The role of national identity and tourism in city planning: the case of Valletta. Urban Research & Practice. 3 (1), pp. 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535060903534206

The relationship between major events, the urban fabric and social sustainability
Smith, A. 2010. The relationship between major events, the urban fabric and social sustainability. in: Manzi, T., Lucas, K., Lloyd-Jones, T. and Allen, J. (ed.) Social sustainability in urban areas: communities, connectivity, and the urban fabric London Earthscan.

The relationship between capital city monumentality and tourism in Valletta
Smith, A. 2010. The relationship between capital city monumentality and tourism in Valletta. in: Maitland, R. and Richie, B. (ed.) City tourism: national capital perspectives Wallingford CABI. pp. 125-141

The development of "sports-city" zones and their potential value as tourism resources for urban areas
Smith, A. 2010. The development of "sports-city" zones and their potential value as tourism resources for urban areas. European Planning Studies. 18 (3), pp. 385-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310903497702

Exploring urban creativity: visitor experiences of Spitalfields, London
Pappalepore, I., Maitland, R. and Smith, A. 2010. Exploring urban creativity: visitor experiences of Spitalfields, London. Tourism Culture & Communication. 10 (3), pp. 217-230. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830410X12910355180946

Film and the law. 2nd edition
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2010. Film and the law. 2nd edition. Oxford Hart.

Regulating sport: finding a role for the law?
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2010. Regulating sport: finding a role for the law? Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. 13 (2), pp. 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430903523127

Law and regulation
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2010. Law and regulation. in: Chadwick, S. and Hamil, S. (ed.) Managing football: an international perspective London Butterworth Heinemann. pp. 73-84

Theorising the relationship between major sport events and social sustainability
Smith, A. 2009. Theorising the relationship between major sport events and social sustainability. Journal of Sport and Tourism. 14 (2 & 3), pp. 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080902965033

Spreading the positive effects of major events to peripheral areas
Smith, A. 2009. Spreading the positive effects of major events to peripheral areas. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. 1 (3), pp. 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407960903204372

Major events and sustainable regeneration
Smith, A. 2009. Major events and sustainable regeneration. in: Raj, R. and Musgrove, J. (ed.) Event management and sustainability Wallingford CABI. pp. 32-42

Effects of low cost airlines on efforts to develop cultural heritage tourism
Smith, A. 2009. Effects of low cost airlines on efforts to develop cultural heritage tourism. Anatolia. 20 (2), pp. 289-306.

Tourism and the aesthetics of the built environment
Maitland, R. and Smith, A. 2009. Tourism and the aesthetics of the built environment. in: Tribe, J. (ed.) Philosophical issues in tourism Bristol Channel View Publications.

Tickets, policy and social inclusion: can the European white paper on sport deliver?
James, M. and Osborn, G. 2009. Tickets, policy and social inclusion: can the European white paper on sport deliver? International Sports Law Journal. 2009 (1-2).

Matlock - America's greatest lawyer? A transatlantic perspective
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2009. Matlock - America's greatest lawyer? A transatlantic perspective. in: Asimow, M. (ed.) Lawyers in your living room! Law on television Chicago ABA Press. pp. 105-116

Judge John Deed! British TV lawyers in the 21st century
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2009. Judge John Deed! British TV lawyers in the 21st century. in: Asimow, M. (ed.) Lawyers in your living room: law on television Chicago ABA Press. pp. 205-216

A review of tourism policy for the 2012 Olympics
Smith, A. and Stevenson, N. 2009. A review of tourism policy for the 2012 Olympics. Cultural Trends. 18 (1), pp. 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548960802651377

Using major events to promote peripheral urban areas: Deptford and the 2007 Tour de France
Smith, A. 2008. Using major events to promote peripheral urban areas: Deptford and the 2007 Tour de France. in: Ali-Knight, J., Robertson, M., Fyall, A. and Ladkin, A. (ed.) International perspectives of festivals and events: paradigms of analysis Elsevier. pp. 3-19

Contradictions within the criminalisation of ticket touting: what should be the role of the law?
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Roberts, S. 2008. Contradictions within the criminalisation of ticket touting: what should be the role of the law? Web Journal of Current Legal Issues. 2008 (3).

From 'event-led' to 'event-themed' regeneration: the 2002 Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme
Smith, A. and Fox, T. 2007. From 'event-led' to 'event-themed' regeneration: the 2002 Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme. Urban Studies. 44 (5-6), pp. 1125-1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701256039

Genre, iconography and British legal film
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2007. Genre, iconography and British legal film. Baltimore Law Review. 36 (3), pp. 371-391.

Monumentality in 'capital' cities and its implications for tourism marketing: the case of Barcelona
Smith, A. 2007. Monumentality in 'capital' cities and its implications for tourism marketing: the case of Barcelona. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 22 (3-4), pp. 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v22n03_07

Large-scale events and sustainable urban regeneration: key principles for host cities
Smith, A. 2007. Large-scale events and sustainable urban regeneration: key principles for host cities. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal. 1 (2), pp. 178-190.

Understanding commercial music contracts: the place of contractual theory
Osborn, G. 2007. Understanding commercial music contracts: the place of contractual theory. Journal of Contract Law. 23, pp. 248-268.

Assessing the contribution of flagship projects to city image change: a quasi-experimental technique
Smith, A. 2006. Assessing the contribution of flagship projects to city image change: a quasi-experimental technique. International Journal of Tourism Research. 8 (6), pp. 391-404. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.586

A continental ambience? Lessons in managing alcohol-related evening and night-time entertainment from four European capitals
Roberts, M., Turner, C., Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2006. A continental ambience? Lessons in managing alcohol-related evening and night-time entertainment from four European capitals. Urban Studies. 43 (7), pp. 1105-1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600711423

Tourists' consumption and interpretation of sport event imagery
Smith, A. 2006. Tourists' consumption and interpretation of sport event imagery. Journal of Sport Tourism. 11 (1), pp. 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080600985382

The development of sports-city zones: an assessment of their potential value as tourism resources for urban areas
Smith, A. 2006. The development of sports-city zones: an assessment of their potential value as tourism resources for urban areas. Noos Institute Illes Balears Forum, Pre-Conference Academic Seminar. Mallorca, Spain 21 Nov 2006

After the circus leaves town: the relationship between sport events, tourism and urban regeneration
Smith, A. 2006. After the circus leaves town: the relationship between sport events, tourism and urban regeneration. in: Smith, M.K. (ed.) Tourism, culture and regeneration Wallingford. UK CABI Publishing. pp. 85-100

Law, music and the creative process: who is an author?
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2006. Law, music and the creative process: who is an author? in: Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. (ed.) Readings in law and popular culture London, UK Routledge. pp. 310-324

Law, legal education and popular culture
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2006. Law, legal education and popular culture. in: Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. (ed.) Readings in law and popular culture London, UK Routledge. pp. 1-11

Conceptualizing city image change: the 're-imaging' of Barcelona
Smith, A. 2005. Conceptualizing city image change: the 're-imaging' of Barcelona. Tourism Geographies. 7 (4), pp. 398-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680500291188

The double meaning of law: does it matter if film lawyers are unethical?
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2005. The double meaning of law: does it matter if film lawyers are unethical? in: Freeman, M. (ed.) Law and popular culture Oxford, UK Oxford University Press. pp. 638-650

Reimaging the city: the value of sport initiatives
Smith, A. 2005. Reimaging the city: the value of sport initiatives. Annals of Tourism Research. 32 (1), pp. 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.007

Perceptions of lawyers: a transnational study of student views on the image of law and lawyers
Asimow, M., Greenfield, S., Jorge, G., Machura, S., Osborn, G., Robson, P., Sharp, C. and Sockloskie, R. 2005. Perceptions of lawyers: a transnational study of student views on the image of law and lawyers. International Journal of the Legal Profession. 12 (3), pp. 407-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695950500420358

The impact of sports events on city images
Smith, A. 2004. The impact of sports events on city images. 3rd DeHaan Tourism Management Conference. Nottingham, UK 14th Dec 2004

Barcelona
Smith, A. 2004. Barcelona. in: Barcelona and Catalonia: a fieldwork guide Sheffield, UK Sheffield Hallam University. pp. 29-66

An introduction to Catalonia
Smith, A. 2004. An introduction to Catalonia. in: Barcelona and Catalonia: a fieldwork guide Sheffield, UK Sheffield Hallam University. pp. 17-28

Copyright law and power in the music industry
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2004. Copyright law and power in the music industry. in: Simon, F. and Marshall, L. (ed.) Music and copyright. 2nd edition Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. pp. 89-102

Film lawyers: Above and beyond the law
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2003. Film lawyers: Above and beyond the law. in: Mason, P. (ed.) Criminal Visions Willan Publishing.

Remote control: Legal censorship of the creative process
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2003. Remote control: Legal censorship of the creative process. in: Cloonan, M. and Garofalo, R. (ed.) Policing Pop Temple University.

A continental ambience? A study of the urban management of mixed-use entertainment neighbourhoods in northern European cities
Roberts, M., Newman, P., Bailey, Nick, Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Edmundson, T. 2002. A continental ambience? A study of the urban management of mixed-use entertainment neighbourhoods in northern European cities. London, UK Institute of Alcohol Studies.

Borders and boundaries: locating the law in film
Osborn, G. 2001. Borders and boundaries: locating the law in film. Journal of Law and Society. 28 (1), pp. 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00185

Sporting a new image? Sport-based regeneration strategies as a means of enhancing the image of the city tourist destination
Smith, A. 2001. Sporting a new image? Sport-based regeneration strategies as a means of enhancing the image of the city tourist destination. in: Gratton, C. and Henry, I. (ed.) Sport in the city: the role of sport in economic and social regeneration London, UK Routledge. pp. 127-148

Film and the law
Greenfield, S., Osborn, G. and Robson, P. 2001. Film and the law. London, UK Cavendish Publishing.

Regulating football: commodification consumption and the law
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 2001. Regulating football: commodification consumption and the law. London, UK Pluto.

Contract and control in the entertainment industry: Dancing on the edge of heaven
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1998. Contract and control in the entertainment industry: Dancing on the edge of heaven. Routledge.

Good technology? Music and the challenge of technology towards the fin de siècle
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1997. Good technology? Music and the challenge of technology towards the fin de siècle. Information and Communications Technology Law. 6 (1), pp. 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1997.9965756

Enough is enough: race, cricket and protest in the UK
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1997. Enough is enough: race, cricket and protest in the UK. Sociological Focus. 30 (4), pp. 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1997.10571087

Complete control? Judicial and practical approaches to the negotiation of commercial music contracts
Boon, A., Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1996. Complete control? Judicial and practical approaches to the negotiation of commercial music contracts. International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 24 (2), pp. 89-115. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijsl.1996.0009

Specificities: Oh to be in England? Mythology and identity in English cricket
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1996. Specificities: Oh to be in England? Mythology and identity in English cricket. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture. 2 (2), pp. 271-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504639652330

Culture, change, commodity and crisis: Cricket's timeless test
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1996. Culture, change, commodity and crisis: Cricket's timeless test. International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 24 (2), pp. 189-209. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijsl.1996.0013

The living law: Popular film as legal text
Greenfield, S. and Osborn, G. 1995. The living law: Popular film as legal text. The Law Teacher. 29 (1), pp. 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.1995.9992909

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