Drink availability is associated with enhanced examination performance in adults : WestminsterResearch

Publication dates
Title	Drink availability is associated with enhanced examination performance in adults
Authors	Pawson, C., Gardner, M., Doherty, S., Martin, L., Soares, R. and Edmonds, C.J.
Abstract	While dehydration has negative effects on memory and attention, few studies have investigated whether drinking water can enhance cognitive performance, and none have addressed this in a real-world setting. In this study we explored the potential benefits of the availability of water for undergraduates. The exam performance of students who brought drinks in to exams was compared with those that did not for three cohorts of undergraduates (N = 447). We employed earlier coursework marks as a measure of underlying ability. Students who brought water to the exam achieved better grades than students who did not. When coursework marks were covaried, this effect remained statistically significant, suggesting that this finding was not simply due to more able students being more likely to bring in water. This implies that water consumption may facilitate performance in real-world settings, and, therefore, have specific implications for the assessment of undergraduate learners under examination conditions, but further research is required to evaluate this hypothesis.
Keywords	Water, Tests, Undergraduate Students, Cohort Analysis, Grades (Scholastic), Comparative Analysis, Cognitive Processes, Performance Factors, Statistical Analysis, Multiple Choice Tests, Correlation
Journal	Psychology Teaching Review
Journal citation	19 (1), pp. 57-66
ISSN	0965-948X
Year	2013
Publisher	British Psychological Society
Web address (URL)	http://shop.bps.org.uk/publications/publication-by-series/psychology-teaching-review/psychology-teaching-review-vol-19-no-1-spring-2013.html
Published	2013

Related outputs

Submentalising: Clarifying How Domain General Processes Explain Spontaneous Perspective-Taking
Gardner, M. and Thorn, L. 2024. Submentalising: Clarifying How Domain General Processes Explain Spontaneous Perspective-Taking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001250

Spontaneous perspective-taking and its relation to schizotypy
Gardner, M. and Buchanan, T. 2023. Spontaneous perspective-taking and its relation to schizotypy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 28 (3), pp. 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2023.2189575

Drinking water enhances cognitive performance: positive effects on working memory but not long-term memory
Edmonds, C.J., Booth, P., Beeley, J., Rizzo, I. and Gardner, M. 2022. Drinking water enhances cognitive performance: positive effects on working memory but not long-term memory. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 6, pp. 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-021-00225-4

Engagement in a virtual learning environment predicts academic achievement in research methods modules: A longitudinal study combining behavioral and self-reported data
Leino, R.K., Gardner, M.R., Cartwright, T. and Döring, A.K. 2021. Engagement in a virtual learning environment predicts academic achievement in research methods modules: A longitudinal study combining behavioral and self-reported data. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. 10 (2), p. 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000281

Dehydration in older people: a systematic review of the effects of dehydration on health outcomes, healthcare costs and cognitive performance
Edmonds, C.J., Foglia, E., Booth, P., Fu, C.H.Y. and Gardner, M. 2021. Dehydration in older people: a systematic review of the effects of dehydration on health outcomes, healthcare costs and cognitive performance. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 95 104380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2021.104380

At what stage in the drinking process does drinking water affect attention and memory? Effects of mouth rinsing and mouth drying in adults
Edmonds, C.J., Skeete, J., Klamerus, E. and Gardner, M. 2021. At what stage in the drinking process does drinking water affect attention and memory? Effects of mouth rinsing and mouth drying in adults. Psychological Research. 85 (1), p. 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01229-8

Lecture capture adds value to attending psychological research methods lectures
Gardner, M. 2020. Lecture capture adds value to attending psychological research methods lectures. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology. 8 (3), pp. 236-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000212

How would university students prefer their classes to be timetabled?
Adam, C., Piravea, N. and Gardner, M. 2019. How would university students prefer their classes to be timetabled? BPS DART-P Annual Conference 2019. Cardiff University 04 - 05 Jun 2019 BPS.

Teaching Reproducible Research: Brief report on a DART-P workshop
Gardner, M. 2019. Teaching Reproducible Research: Brief report on a DART-P workshop. Psychology Teaching Review. 25 (2).

How would university students prefer their classes to be timetabled?
Adam, C., Piraveau, N and Gardner, M. 2019. How would university students prefer their classes to be timetabled? BPS DART-P Annual Conference 2019. Cardiff University 04 - 05 Jun 2019 BPS.

How does drinking water affect attention and memory? The effect of mouth rinsing and mouth drying on children's performance
Edmonds, C.J., Harte, N. and Gardner, M. 2018. How does drinking water affect attention and memory? The effect of mouth rinsing and mouth drying on children's performance. Physiology & Behavior. 194, pp. 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.004

Implicit mentalising during level-1 visual perspective-taking indicated by dissociation with attention orienting
Gardner, M., Bileviciute A.P. and Edmonds, C.J. 2018. Implicit mentalising during level-1 visual perspective-taking indicated by dissociation with attention orienting. Vision. 2 (1) 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision2010003

'Spontaneous' Visual Perspective-Taking Mediated by Attention Orienting that is Voluntary and not Reflexive
Gardner, M., Taylor, D.A., Hull, Z. and Edmonds, C.J. 2018. 'Spontaneous' Visual Perspective-Taking Mediated by Attention Orienting that is Voluntary and not Reflexive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 71 (4), pp. 1020-1029. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307868

Developing cross-disciplinary education by facilitating collaboration within and between diverse teams
Gardner, M. 2017. Developing cross-disciplinary education by facilitating collaboration within and between diverse teams. Educational Developments. 18 (2), pp. 14-17.

Visual mismatch negativity to masked stimuli presented at very brief presentation rates
Flynn, M., Liasis, A, Gardner, M. and Towell, A. 2017. Visual mismatch negativity to masked stimuli presented at very brief presentation rates. Experimental Brain Research. 235 (2), pp. 555-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-016-4807-1

Dose-Response Effects of Water Supplementation on Cognitive Performance and Mood in Children and Adults
Edmonds, C.J., Crosbie, L., Fatima, F., Hussain, M., Jacob, N. and Gardner, M. 2017. Dose-Response Effects of Water Supplementation on Cognitive Performance and Mood in Children and Adults. Appetite. 108, pp. 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.011

Embodied perspective-taking indicated by selective disruption from aberrant self motion
Gardner, M., Stent, C., Mohr, C. and Golding, J.F. 2017. Embodied perspective-taking indicated by selective disruption from aberrant self motion. Psychological Research. 81 (2), pp. 480-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-016-0755-4

Observed bodies generate object-based spatial codes
Taylor, A., Flynn, M., Edmonds, C.J. and Gardner, M. 2016. Observed bodies generate object-based spatial codes. Acta Psychologica. 169, pp. 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.009

Strategy modulates spatial perspective-taking: evidence for dissociable disembodied and embodied routes
Gardner, M., Brazier, M., Edmonds, C.J. and Gronholm, P.C. 2013. Strategy modulates spatial perspective-taking: evidence for dissociable disembodied and embodied routes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00457

Subjective thirst moderates changes in speed of responding associated with water consumption
Edmonds, C.J., Crombie, R. and Gardner, M. 2013. Subjective thirst moderates changes in speed of responding associated with water consumption. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7 363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00363

Water consumption, not expectancies about water consumption, affects cognitive performance in adults
Edmonds, C.J., Crombie, R., Ballieux, H., Gardner, M. and Dawkins, L. 2013. Water consumption, not expectancies about water consumption, affects cognitive performance in adults. Appetite. 60, pp. 148-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.016

Sex differences in components of imagined perspective transformation
Gardner, M., Sorhus, I., Edmonds, C.J. and Potts, R. 2012. Sex differences in components of imagined perspective transformation. Acta Psychologica. 140 (1), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.02.002

Empathic and non-empathic routes to visuospatial perspective-taking
Gronholm, P.C., Flynn, M., Edmonds, C.J. and Gardner, M. 2012. Empathic and non-empathic routes to visuospatial perspective-taking. Consciousness and Cognition. 21 (1), pp. 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.12.004

Domain general mechanisms account for imagined transformations of whole body perspective
Gardner, M. and Potts, R. 2011. Domain general mechanisms account for imagined transformations of whole body perspective. Acta Psychologica. 137 (3), pp. 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.04.006

Hand dominance influences the processing of observed bodies
Gardner, M. and Potts, R. 2010. Hand dominance influences the processing of observed bodies. Brain and Cognition. 73 (1), pp. 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.02.002

Can illusory deviant stimuli be used as attentional distractors to record vMMN in a passive three stimulus oddball paradigm?
Flynn, M., Liasis, A., Gardner, M., Boyd, S. and Towell, A. 2009. Can illusory deviant stimuli be used as attentional distractors to record vMMN in a passive three stimulus oddball paradigm? Experimental Brain Research. 197 (2), pp. 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-1901-7

Hopping, skipping or jumping to conclusions? Clarifying the role of the JTC bias in delusions
Fine, C., Gardner, M., Craigie, J. and Gold, I. 2007. Hopping, skipping or jumping to conclusions? Clarifying the role of the JTC bias in delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 12 (1), pp. 46-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800600750597

P36.42 Identification of a pre-attentive visual discrimination response
Flynn, M., Liasis, A., Gardner, M. and Towell, A. 2006. P36.42 Identification of a pre-attentive visual discrimination response. Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (Supplement 1), p. 194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.651

Attentional demands of continuously monitoring orientation using vestibular information
Yardley, L., Papo, D., Bronstein, A.M., Gresty, M.A., Gardner, M., Lavie, N. and Luxon, L. 2002. Attentional demands of continuously monitoring orientation using vestibular information. Neuropsychologia. 40 (4), pp. 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00113-0

Interference between postural control and mental task performance in patients with vestibular disorder and healthy controls
Yardley, L., Gardner, M., Bronstein, A.M., Davies, R., Buckwell, D. and Luxon, L. 2001. Interference between postural control and mental task performance in patients with vestibular disorder and healthy controls. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 71 (1), pp. 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.1.48

Seeing how it's done: matching conditions for observer rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) in the bidirectional control
Ray, E.D., Gardner, M. and Heyes, C. 2000. Seeing how it's done: matching conditions for observer rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) in the bidirectional control. Animal Cognition. 3 (3), pp. 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100710000069

Book review: Budiansky, S. (1998). If a lion could talk: How animals think. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pp. 234. ISBN 0297819321. £20.00 (Hbk). ISBN 0753807726. £7.99 (Pbk).
Gardner, M. 2000. Book review: Budiansky, S. (1998). If a lion could talk: How animals think. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Pp. 234. ISBN 0297819321. £20.00 (Hbk). ISBN 0753807726. £7.99 (Pbk). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B. 53 (3), pp. 286-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/713932730

Permalink - https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9v5yw/drink-availability-is-associated-with-enhanced-examination-performance-in-adults

Drink availability is associated with enhanced examination performance in adults

Related outputs

Share this

Usage statistics

Export as