Longobardo, M. 2022. Human Rights Council’s Fact-Finding Missions and the Assessment of Violations of the Principle of Precaution in Attack in the Absence of Cooperation by the Attacker. in: The Role of Human Rights Mechanisms in Implementing International Humanitarian Law Edward Elgar.
| Chapter title | Human Rights Council’s Fact-Finding Missions and the Assessment of Violations of the Principle of Precaution in Attack in the Absence of Cooperation by the Attacker |
|---|---|
| Authors | Longobardo, M. |
| Abstract | This chapter aims at assessing whether HRC fact-finding missions are legally able to assess the violation of certain rules pertaining to the principle of precaution in attack in the absence of cooperation of the concerned attackers. In particular, the question is whether HRC fact-find missions can reach any conclusion through inference in relation to alleged violations of Article 57(2)(a)(i) and (ii) of the 1977 First Additional Protocol (API), which embody the duty to verify in advance the objective and expected consequences of an attack, and to choose means and methods of warfare that avoid or minimise incidental civilian casualties or damages. Since these duties bind ‘those who plan or decide upon an attack’ and compliance is dependent on the information available to them before the attack, it may be argued that the lack of cooperation of the attackers may impair the ability of fact-finding missions to assess respect for these rules. Nonetheless, some HRC fact-find missions have offered conclusions on the violations of these duties based on inference. Since these conclusions have raised some criticism, it is necessary to explore in more details whether international law permits HRC fact-find missions to ascertain through inference that the rules under Article 57(2)(a)(i) and (ii) of the API have been violated. |
| Keywords | fact-finding, Human Rights Council, precautions |
| Book title | The Role of Human Rights Mechanisms in Implementing International Humanitarian Law |
| Year | 2022 |
| Publisher | Edward Elgar |
| Web address (URL) | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4062658 |
Foreword
Longobardo, M. 2025. Forthcoming. Foreword. in: Protection of the Environment under International Law during Occupation: International Humanitarian, Human Rights and Environmental Law Routledge.
Lotta alla povertà in territorio occupato: potenzialità e limiti del diritto dell’occupazione bellica
Longobardo, M. 2025. Forthcoming. Lotta alla povertà in territorio occupato: potenzialità e limiti del diritto dell’occupazione bellica. in: Starita, M. (ed.) La povertà nel diritto internazionale e dell’Unione europea Naples Editoriale Scientifica.
Access to Justice for Atrocities in the Comparison of Land-Mark Cases on State Immunity in Brazil and Italy
Longobardo, M. and Violi, F. 2024. Access to Justice for Atrocities in the Comparison of Land-Mark Cases on State Immunity in Brazil and Italy. International Journal of Human Rights. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2024.2415702
The MONUSCO Intervention Brigade at Ten
Longobardo, M. 2024. The MONUSCO Intervention Brigade at Ten. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies. 15, pp. 203-265.
Introduction to the Symposium “The MONUSCO Intervention Brigade at Ten” Ten Years of the monusco Intervention Brigade International Law Concerns on the Future of Peacekeeping and the Protection of Civilians
Longobardo, M. 2024. Introduction to the Symposium “The MONUSCO Intervention Brigade at Ten” Ten Years of the monusco Intervention Brigade International Law Concerns on the Future of Peacekeeping and the Protection of Civilians. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies. 15, pp. 203-208. https://doi.org/10.1163-18781527-bja10106
The MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade at 10 and the Quest for Fair UN Peacekeeping Involvement in Non-International Armed Conflicts
Longobardo, M. 2024. The MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade at 10 and the Quest for Fair UN Peacekeeping Involvement in Non-International Armed Conflicts. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies. 15, pp. 228-245.
Applicability of Apartheid to Situations of Occupation: At the Crossroad between International Humanitarian Law, International Criminal Law, and International Human Rights Law
Marco Longobardo 2024. Applicability of Apartheid to Situations of Occupation: At the Crossroad between International Humanitarian Law, International Criminal Law, and International Human Rights Law. Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. 24, pp. 3-36. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24487872e.2024.24.17556
The Applicability of Apartheid to Situations of Occupation: At the Crossroads between International Humanitarian Law, International Criminal Law, and International Human Rights Law, forthcoming in (2024) 24 Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional
Longobardo, M. 2023. The Applicability of Apartheid to Situations of Occupation: At the Crossroads between International Humanitarian Law, International Criminal Law, and International Human Rights Law, forthcoming in (2024) 24 Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional. SSRN. Advanced online publication.
Applying International Environmental Law Conventions in Occupied Territory: The Azerbaijan v. Armenia Case under the Bern Convention
Abualrob, W., Longobardo, M. and MacKenzie, R. 2023. Applying International Environmental Law Conventions in Occupied Territory: The Azerbaijan v. Armenia Case under the Bern Convention. Blog of the European Journal of International Law.
Some Reflections on the Use of Force in the Recent Escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Longobardo, M. 2023. Some Reflections on the Use of Force in the Recent Escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Armed Groups in International Law.
“Some Reflections on the Use of Force in the Recent Escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict” (in Italian)
Longobardo, M. 2023. “Some Reflections on the Use of Force in the Recent Escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict” (in Italian). SIDIBlog, Blog of the Italian Society of International Law and EU Law.
Occupying Powers, Obligations of Prevention and Private Actors in Occupied Territory: A Theoretical Inquiry under the Law of Occupation
Longobardo, M. 2023. Occupying Powers, Obligations of Prevention and Private Actors in Occupied Territory: A Theoretical Inquiry under the Law of Occupation. Texas International Law Journal. 58 (3), p. 71.
Review of Alexander Gilder, Stabilization and Human Security in UN Peace Operations
Longobardo, M. 2023. Review of Alexander Gilder, Stabilization and Human Security in UN Peace Operations . Journal of Conflict and Security Law. 28 (3), pp. 615-618. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krad001
The Italian Legislation on War Crimes: Obligations to Implement and Principle of Legality
Bartolini, Giulio and Longobardo, M. 2023. The Italian Legislation on War Crimes: Obligations to Implement and Principle of Legality. in: Jeßberger, Florian, Meloni, Chantal and Crippa, Maria (ed.) Domesticating International Criminal Law: Reflections on the Italian and German Experiences Routledge.
L’art. 1 comune
Longobardo, M. 2022. L’art. 1 comune. in: Croce Rossa Italiana (ed.) I “nuovi” commentari alle Convenzioni di Ginevra del 1949: Riflessioni dell'anniversario dei settant’anni delle Convenzioni Croce Rossa Italiana. pp. 20-29
Demilitarised Zones
Longobardo, M. and Roscini, M. 2022. Demilitarised Zones. in: Myjer, Eric and Marauhn, Thilo (ed.) Research Handbook on International Arms Control Law Edward Elgar. pp. 467-480
Legal Perspectives on the Role of the Notion of «Denazification» in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine under Jus contra Bellum and Jus in Bello
Longobardo, M. 2022. Legal Perspectives on the Role of the Notion of «Denazification» in the Russian Invasion of Ukraine under Jus contra Bellum and Jus in Bello. Revue belge de droit international. 2021 (1-2), pp. 209-235.
The Rhetoric of ‘Denazification’ of Ukraine from the Perspective of the Law of Occupation
Longobardo, M. 2022. The Rhetoric of ‘Denazification’ of Ukraine from the Perspective of the Law of Occupation.
Review of Marco Pertile, Diritto internazionale e rapporti economici nelle guerre civili (Editoriale Scientifica 2019), ISBN 9788893919371, 330 pp, EUR 24.00
Longobardo, Marco 2022. Review of Marco Pertile, Diritto internazionale e rapporti economici nelle guerre civili (Editoriale Scientifica 2019), ISBN 9788893919371, 330 pp, EUR 24.00. British Yearbook of International Law. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/bybil/brac003
The 2021 ECtHR’s Decision in the Georgia v Russia (II) case and the Application of Human Rights Law to Extraterritorial Hostilities
Longobardo, M. and Wallace, S. 2022. The 2021 ECtHR’s Decision in the Georgia v Russia (II) case and the Application of Human Rights Law to Extraterritorial Hostilities. Israel Law Review. 55 (2), pp. 145-177. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223721000261
The Duties of Occupying Powers in Relation to the Prevention and Control of Contagious Diseases Through the Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and the Right to Health
Longobardo, M. 2022. The Duties of Occupying Powers in Relation to the Prevention and Control of Contagious Diseases Through the Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and the Right to Health. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 55 (3), pp. 757-804.
Demilitarised zones
Roscini, M. and Longobardo, M. 2022. Demilitarised zones. in: Myjer, E. and Marauhn, T. (ed.) Research Handbook on International Arms Control Law Edward Elgar. pp. 467-480
Preliminary but Necessary: The Question on the Applicability of the Notion of Apartheid to Occupied Territory
Longobardo, M. 2021. Preliminary but Necessary: The Question on the Applicability of the Notion of Apartheid to Occupied Territory.
Italy’s Legal Obligations to Criminalise
Longobardo, M. and Capone, F. 2021. Italy’s Legal Obligations to Criminalise. International Criminal Law Review. 21 (4), p. 617–621.
Margaret deGuzman, Shocking the Conscience of Humanity: Gravity and the Legitimacy of International Criminal Law
Longobardo, M. 2021. Margaret deGuzman, Shocking the Conscience of Humanity: Gravity and the Legitimacy of International Criminal Law. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 19 (4), pp. 1034-1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab045
Marco Longobardo and Marco Roscini, Review of Giulio Bartolini (ed.), A History of International Law in Italy
Longobardo, M. and Roscini, M. 2021. Marco Longobardo and Marco Roscini, Review of Giulio Bartolini (ed.), A History of International Law in Italy. European Journal of International Law. 32 (2), pp. 715-719. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab042
Introduction
Capone, F. and Longobardo, M. 2021. Introduction. International Criminal Law Review. 21 (4), p. 617–621. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10056
The Italian Legislature and International and EU Obligations of Domestic Criminalisation
Longobardo, M. 2021. The Italian Legislature and International and EU Obligations of Domestic Criminalisation. International Criminal Law Review. 21 (4), pp. 623-640. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10051
The Standing of Indirectly Injured States in the Litigation of Community Interests before the ICJ: Lessons Learned and Future Implications in Light of The Gambia v. Myanmar and Beyond
Longobardo, M. 2021. The Standing of Indirectly Injured States in the Litigation of Community Interests before the ICJ: Lessons Learned and Future Implications in Light of The Gambia v. Myanmar and Beyond. International Community Law Review. 24 (5), pp. 476-506. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341480
States’ Mouthpieces or Independent Practitioners? The Role of Counsel before the ICJ from the Perspective of the Legal Value of Their Oral Pleadings
Longobardo, M. 2021. States’ Mouthpieces or Independent Practitioners? The Role of Counsel before the ICJ from the Perspective of the Legal Value of Their Oral Pleadings. Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals. 20 (1), p. 54–76. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341439
The Legality of Closure on Land and Safe Passage between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Longobardo, M. 2021. The Legality of Closure on Land and Safe Passage between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Asian Journal of International Law. 11 (1), pp. 50-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251320000272
State Immunity and Judicial Countermeasures
Longobardo, M. 2021. State Immunity and Judicial Countermeasures. European Journal of International Law. 32 (2), p. 457–484. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab013
Due Diligence and International Humanitarian Law
Longobardo, M. 2020. Due Diligence and International Humanitarian Law. in: Krieger, H., Peters, A. and Kreuzer, L. (ed.) Due Diligence in the International Legal Order Oxford, Oxon Oxford University Press. pp. 183-199
Robust Peacekeeping Mandates: An Assessment in Light of Jus Post Bellum
Longobardo, M. 2020. Robust Peacekeeping Mandates: An Assessment in Light of Jus Post Bellum. in: Stahn, C. and Iverson, J. (ed.) Just Peace After Conflict: Jus Post Bellum and the Justice of Peace Oxford, Oxon Oxford University Press. pp. 165-183
‘Super-Robust’ Peacekeeping Mandates in Non-International Armed Conflicts under International Law
Longobardo, M. 2020. ‘Super-Robust’ Peacekeeping Mandates in Non-International Armed Conflicts under International Law. Spanish Yearbook of International Law. 24, pp. 42-72. https://doi.org/10.17103/sybil.24.3
Book Review: Cyber Espionage and International Law (2018) by Russell Buchan
Longobardo, M. 2020. Book Review: Cyber Espionage and International Law (2018) by Russell Buchan. Israel Law Review. 53 (2), pp. 294-297. https://doi.org/1017/S0021223720000011
The Relevance of the Concept of Due Diligence for International Humanitarian Law
Longobardo, M. 2020. The Relevance of the Concept of Due Diligence for International Humanitarian Law. Wisconsin International Law Journal. 37 (1), pp. 44-87.
Is the Duty to Prevent Genocide an Obligation of Result or an Obligation of Conduct according to the ICJ? (blogpost)
Longobardo, M. 2019. Is the Duty to Prevent Genocide an Obligation of Result or an Obligation of Conduct according to the ICJ? (blogpost). EJIL:Talk!.
The Occupation of Maritime Territory under International Humanitarian Law
Longobardo, M. 2019. The Occupation of Maritime Territory under International Humanitarian Law. International Law Studies. 95, pp. 322-361.
L’obbligo di prevenzione del genocidio e la distinzione fra obblighi di condotta e obblighi di risultato
Longobardo, M. 2019. L’obbligo di prevenzione del genocidio e la distinzione fra obblighi di condotta e obblighi di risultato. Diritti umani e diritto internazionale. 2/2019, pp. 237-256. https://doi.org/10.12829/94292
The Criminalisation of Intra-Party Offences in Light of Some Recent ICC Decisions on Children in Armed Conflict
Longobardo, M. 2019. The Criminalisation of Intra-Party Offences in Light of Some Recent ICC Decisions on Children in Armed Conflict. International Criminal Law Review. 19 (4), pp. 600-634. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01904004
Training and Education of Armed Forces in the Age of High-Tech Hostilities
Longobardo, M. 2019. Training and Education of Armed Forces in the Age of High-Tech Hostilities. in: Carpanelli, E. and Lazzerini, N. (ed.) Use and Misuse of New Technologies: Contemporary Challenges in International and European Law Springer. pp. 73-91
Rapporti fra strumenti di codificazione: il Progetto di Articoli sulla Responsabilità degli Stati e le convenzioni di diritto umanitario
Longobardo, M. 2018. Rapporti fra strumenti di codificazione: il Progetto di Articoli sulla Responsabilità degli Stati e le convenzioni di diritto umanitario. Rivista di Diritto Internazionale. 101, pp. 1136-1163.
The Contribution of International Humanitarian Law to the Development of the Law of International Responsibility Regarding Obligations Erga Omnes and Erga Omnes Partes
Longobardo, M. 2018. The Contribution of International Humanitarian Law to the Development of the Law of International Responsibility Regarding Obligations Erga Omnes and Erga Omnes Partes. Journal of Conflict and Security Law. 23 (3), p. 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/kry026
The Use of Armed Force in Occupied Territory
Longobardo, M. 2018. The Use of Armed Force in Occupied Territory. Cambridge University Press.
The Self-Proclaimed Statehood of the Islamic State between 2014 and 2017 and International Law
Longobardo, M. 2017. The Self-Proclaimed Statehood of the Islamic State between 2014 and 2017 and International Law. Anuario español de derecho internacional. 33, pp. 205-228. https://doi.org/10.15581/010.33.205-228
L’applicabilità delle norme riguardanti lo spionaggio e la partecipazione diretta dei civili alle ostilità al fenomeno del Cyber Exploitation
Longobardo, M. 2017. L’applicabilità delle norme riguardanti lo spionaggio e la partecipazione diretta dei civili alle ostilità al fenomeno del Cyber Exploitation. in: Distefano, Marcella (ed.) La protezione dei dati personali ed informatici nell’era della sorveglianza globale: temi scelti Napoli Editoriale Scientifica. pp. 37-65
(New) Cyber Exploitation and (Old) International Humanitarian Law
Longobardo, M. 2017. (New) Cyber Exploitation and (Old) International Humanitarian Law. Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. 77, pp. 809-834.
L’obbligo di verificare l’obiettivo e le conseguenze di un attacco ai sensi del diritto internazionale umanitario e nuove forme di intelligence: profili di responsabilità internazionale
Longobardo, M. 2017. L’obbligo di verificare l’obiettivo e le conseguenze di un attacco ai sensi del diritto internazionale umanitario e nuove forme di intelligence: profili di responsabilità internazionale. in: Spagnolo, A. and Saluzzo, S. (ed.) La responsabilità degli Stati e delle organizzazioni internazionali: nuove fattispecie e problemi di attribuzione e di accertamento Milan Ledizioni.
Genocide, Obligations Erga Omnes and Responsibility to Protect
Longobardo, M. 2017. Genocide, Obligations Erga Omnes and Responsibility to Protect. in: Grover, S. (ed.) The Responsibility to Protect: Perspectives on the Concept’s Meaning, Proper Application and Value Routledge. pp. 201-214
Factors Relevant for the Assessment of Sufficient Gravity in the ICC Proceedings and the Elements of International Crimes
Longobardo, M. 2016. Factors Relevant for the Assessment of Sufficient Gravity in the ICC Proceedings and the Elements of International Crimes. Questions of International Law. Zoom In 33, pp. 21-41.
State Responsibility for International Humanitarian Law Violations by Private Actors in Occupied Territories and the Exploitation of Natural Resources
Longobardo, M. 2016. State Responsibility for International Humanitarian Law Violations by Private Actors in Occupied Territories and the Exploitation of Natural Resources. Netherlands International Law Review. 63 (3), pp. 251-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-016-0068-8
Everything Is Relative, Even Gravity: Remarks on the Assessment of Gravity in ICC Preliminary Examinations, and the Mavi Marmara affaire
Longobardo, M. 2016. Everything Is Relative, Even Gravity: Remarks on the Assessment of Gravity in ICC Preliminary Examinations, and the Mavi Marmara affaire. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 14 (4), pp. 1011-1030. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw027
Some Developments in the Prosecution of International Crimes Committed in Palestine: Any Real News?
Longobardo, M. 2016. Some Developments in the Prosecution of International Crimes Committed in Palestine: Any Real News? Polish Yearbook of International Law 2015. 35, pp. 109-137. https://doi.org/10.7420/pyil2015d
The Palestinian Right to Exploit the Dead Sea Coastline for Tourism
Longobardo, M. 2016. The Palestinian Right to Exploit the Dead Sea Coastline for Tourism. The German Yearbook of International Law 2015. 58, pp. 317-352.
Genocide, Obligations Erga Omnes and Responsibility to Protect
Longobardo, M. 2015. Genocide, Obligations Erga Omnes and Responsibility to Protect. The International Journal of Human Rights. 19 (8), pp. 1199-1212. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2015.1082834
The Italian Constitutional Court’s ruling against state immunity when international crimes occur: thoughts on decision no 238 of 2014
Longobardo, M. 2015. The Italian Constitutional Court’s ruling against state immunity when international crimes occur: thoughts on decision no 238 of 2014. Melbourne Journal of International Law. 16 (1), pp. 255-269.
Sull’imparzialità dei membri delle Commissioni di inchiesta istituite dal Consiglio dei diritti umani
Longobardo, M. 2015. Sull’imparzialità dei membri delle Commissioni di inchiesta istituite dal Consiglio dei diritti umani. Diritti umani e diritto internazionale. 9 (2), pp. 463-467. https://doi.org/10.12829/80857
Quo vadis peace-keeping? La compatibilità dell’Intervention Brigade in Congo con i principi regolanti le operazioni di pace alla prova dei fatti
Longobardo, M. and Violi, F. 2015. Quo vadis peace-keeping? La compatibilità dell’Intervention Brigade in Congo con i principi regolanti le operazioni di pace alla prova dei fatti. La Comunità Internazionale. 70 (2), pp. 245-272.
La Corte costituzionale risponde alla Corte di Giustizia internazionale: l’ordinamento italiano non si adatta alla regola sull’immunità degli Stati
Lanciotti, A. and Longobardo, M. 2015. La Corte costituzionale risponde alla Corte di Giustizia internazionale: l’ordinamento italiano non si adatta alla regola sull’immunità degli Stati. Federalismi.it. 2, p. 2015.
L’obbligo di prevenzione del genocidio al di fuori del proprio territorio come base della responsabilità di proteggere. Rilievi critici
Longobardo, M. 2015. L’obbligo di prevenzione del genocidio al di fuori del proprio territorio come base della responsabilità di proteggere. Rilievi critici. in: Di Stefano, A. (ed.) Un diritto senza terra? Funzioni e limiti del principio di territorialità nel diritto internazionale e dell'Unione europea. A lackland law? Territory, effectiveness and jurisdiction in international and EU law Torino, Italy Giappichelli. pp. 493-517
‘Il non-essere non è e non può essere’: brevi note a margine della sentenza n. 238/2014 della Corte costituzionale rispetto all’adattamento dell’ordinamento italiano al diritto internazionale consuetudinario
Longobardo, M. 2014. ‘Il non-essere non è e non può essere’: brevi note a margine della sentenza n. 238/2014 della Corte costituzionale rispetto all’adattamento dell’ordinamento italiano al diritto internazionale consuetudinario. Quaderni di SIDIBlog. 1, pp. 220-225.
La recente adesione palestinese alle convenzioni di diritto umanitario e ai principali trattati a tutela dei diritti dell’uomo
Longobardo, M. 2014. La recente adesione palestinese alle convenzioni di diritto umanitario e ai principali trattati a tutela dei diritti dell’uomo. Ordine Internazionale e Diritti Umani. 1 (4), pp. 771-781.
Lo Stato di Palestina: emersione fattuale e autodeterminazione dei popoli prima e dopo il riconoscimento dello status di Stato non membro delle Nazioni Unite
Longobardo, M. 2014. Lo Stato di Palestina: emersione fattuale e autodeterminazione dei popoli prima e dopo il riconoscimento dello status di Stato non membro delle Nazioni Unite. in: Distefano, M. (ed.) Il principio di autodeterminazione dei popoli alla prova del nuovo millennio Pauda, Italy CEDAM, Wolter Kluwers Italy. pp. 9-35
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