Policy Brief: Water insecurity and Gender Based Violence: Exploring Links and Steps for Prevention

Gender, Human Rights and Water Governance in Indonesia
Stroma Cole, Paula Skye Tallman, Gabriela Salmón-Mulanovich, Binahayati Rusyidi and Yesaya Sandang 2025. Forthcoming. Gender, Human Rights and Water Governance in Indonesia. in: Tatiana Acevedo-Guerrero, Lisa Bossenbroek, Irene Leonardelli, Margreet Zwarteveen and Seema Kulkarni (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Gender and Water Governance Routledge.

Gender justice in global tourism: exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics
Angela B. Kalisch and Stroma Cole 2025. Forthcoming. Gender justice in global tourism: exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics. in: Raymond Rastegar, Freya Higgins-Desbiolles and Lisa Ruhanen (ed.) Tourism, Global Crises and Justice: Tourism Transition to a More Just and Sustainable Future Routledge.

Human Rights: How Water Insecurity Impacts Women’s Health
Paula Skye Tallman, Stroma Cole, Gabriela Salmón-Mulanovich, and Binahayati Rusyidi 2024. Human Rights: How Water Insecurity Impacts Women’s Health. Sapiens.

Identifying ordinal categories for the Water Insecurity Experiences Scales
Edward A. Frongillo, Hilary J. Bethancourt, Joshua D. Miller, Sera L. Young, The Household Water Insecurity Experiences Scales (HWISE)-Research Coordination Network (RCN) and Stroma Cole 2024. Identifying ordinal categories for the Water Insecurity Experiences Scales. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2024.042

Gender based water violence: cross cultural evidence of severe harm associated with water insecurity for women and girls
Tallman, P., Salmon‐Mulanovich, G., Archdeacon, N., Kothadia, A., Lopez Flores, L., Castañeda, K., Collins, S., Rusyidi, B. and Cole, S. 2024. Gender based water violence: cross cultural evidence of severe harm associated with water insecurity for women and girls. Violence Against Women. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241230323

Water insecurity is associated with gender-based violence: A mixed-methods study in Indonesia
Stroma Cole, Paula Tallman, Gabriela Salmon-Mulanovich and Binahayati Rusyidi 2024. Water insecurity is associated with gender-based violence: A mixed-methods study in Indonesia. Social Science & Medicine. 34 116507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116507

Teenage Pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru: Causes, Consequences and Cycles of Violence and Disadvantage
Archdeacon, N., Salmon-Mulanovich, G., Lopez Florez, L., Kothadia, A., Castañeda, K., Rusyidi, B., Cole, S. and Tallman, P. 2024. Teenage Pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru: Causes, Consequences and Cycles of Violence and Disadvantage. Culture, Health & Sexuality. 26 (4), pp. 563-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2023.2193250

Tourism and Water: A Human Rights Perspective to Enhance Sustainable Tourism
Cole, S. and Sandang, Y. 2023. Tourism and Water: A Human Rights Perspective to Enhance Sustainable Tourism. in: Korstanje, M.E. and Gowreesunkar, V.G.B (ed.) Global Perspectives on Human Rights and the Impact of Tourism Consumption in the 21st Century IGI Global. pp. 13-35

Wayfinding Resilience
Movono, A., Ooi, C-S., Hardy, A., Muslin, M. and Cole, S. 2023. Wayfinding Resilience. in: Islands and Resilience: Experiences from the Pandemic Era Springer. pp. 65-80

Water insecurity and gender‐based violence: A global review of the evidence
Paula S. Tallman, Shalean Collins, Gabriela Salmon‐Mulanovich, Binahayati Rusyidi, Aman Kothadia and Stroma Cole 2023. Water insecurity and gender‐based violence: A global review of the evidence. WIREs Water. 10 (1) e1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1619

Gender justice in global tourism: exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics
Kalisch, A.B. and Cole, S. 2023. Gender justice in global tourism: exploring tourism transformation through the lens of feminist alternative economics. Journal of Sustainable Tourism . 31 (12), pp. 2698-2715. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2108819

Using a human rights approach to improve hotels’ water use and sustainability
Yesaya Sandang and Stroma Cole 2023. Using a human rights approach to improve hotels’ water use and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism . 31 (10), pp. 2337-2355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2108041

Household water insecurity will complicate the ongoing COVID-19 response: Evidence from 29 sites in 23 low- and middle-income countries
Stoler, J., Miller, J.D., Brewis, A., Freeman, M.C., Harris, L.M., Jepson, W., Pearson, A.L., Rosinger, A.Y., Shah, S.H., Staddon, C., Workman, C., Wutich, A., Young, S.L., Adams, E., Ahmed, F., Alexander, M., Asiki, G., Balogun, M., Boivin, M.J., Carrillo, G., Chapman, K., Cole, S., Collins, S.M., Eini-Zinab, H., Escobar-Vargas, J., Ghattas, H., Ghorbani, M., Hagaman, A., Hawley, N., Jamaluddine, Z., Krishnakumar, D., Maes, K., Mathad, J., Maupin, J., Owuor, P.M., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., Morales, M.M., Moran, J., Omidvar, N., Rasheed, S., Samayoa-Figueroa, L., Sánchez-Rodriguez, E.C., Santoso, M.V., Schuster, R.C., Sheikhi, M., Srivastava, S., Sullivan, A., Tesfaye, Y., Triviño, N., Trowell, A., Tshala-Katumbay, D. and Tutu, R. 2021. Household water insecurity will complicate the ongoing COVID-19 response: Evidence from 29 sites in 23 low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 234 113715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113715

The Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: comparison scores from 27 sites in 22 countries
Stoler, J., Miller, J., Adams, E., Ahmed, F., Alexander, Mallika, Asiki, Gershim, Balogun, M., Boivin, Michael J., Brewis, A., Carrillo, Genny, Chapman, K., Cole, S., Collins, Shalean M., Escobar-Vargas, Jorge, Eini-Zinab, Hassan, Freeman, M., Ghorbani, Monet, Hagaman, A., Hawley, Nicola, Jamaluddine, Z., Jepson, W., Krishnakumar, Divya, Maes, Kenneth, Mathad, J., Maupin, J., Owuor, Patrick Mbullo, Morales, Milton Marin, Morán-Martínez, J., Omidvar, N., Pearson, A., Rasheed, Sabrina, Rosinger, A., Samayoa-Figueroa, Luisa, Sánchez-Rodríguez, E., Santoso, M., Schuster, R., Sheikhi, Mahdieh, Srivastava, Sonali, Staddon, C., Sullivan, A., Tesfaye, Y., Trowell, A., Tshala-Katumbay, Desire, Tutu, Raymond, Workman, C., Wutich, A. and Young, S. 2021. The Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: comparison scores from 27 sites in 22 countries. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 11 (6), pp. 1102-1110. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.108

Making an impact on Bali's water crisis: Research to mobilize NGOs, the tourism industry and policy makers
Cole, S., Wardana, A. and Dharmiasih, W. 2021. Making an impact on Bali's water crisis: Research to mobilize NGOs, the tourism industry and policy makers. Annals of Tourism Research . 87 103119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103119

Cash water expenditures are associated with household water insecurity, food insecurity, and perceived stress in study sites across 20 low- and middle-income countries
Stoler, J., Pearson, A.L., Staddon, C., Wutich, A., Mack, E., Brewis, A., Rosinger, A.Y., Adams, E., Ahmed, J.F., Alexander, M., Balogun, M., Boivin, M., Carrillo, G., Chapman, K., Cole, S., Collins, S.M., Escobar-Vargas, J., Freeman, M., Asiki, G., Ghattas, H., Hagaman, A., Jamaluddine, Z., Jepson, W., Maes, K., Mathad, J., Mbullo, P., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., Miller, J., Niesluchowski, M., Omidvar, N., Samayoa-Figueroa, L., Sánchez-Rodríguez, E.C., Santoso, M.V., Schuster, R.C., Sullivan, A., Tesfaye, Y., Triviño, N., Trowell, A., Tshala-Katumbay, D., Tutu, R.A., Young, S.L. and Zinab, H. 2020. Cash water expenditures are associated with household water insecurity, food insecurity, and perceived stress in study sites across 20 low- and middle-income countries. Science of the Total Environment. 716 135881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135881

Household water insecurity is strongly associated with food insecurity: Evidence from 27 sites in low- and middle-income countries
Brewis, A., Workman, C., Wutich, A., Jepson, W., Young, S., Adams, E., Ahmed, J.F., Alexander, M., Balogun, M., Boivin, M., Carrillo, G., Chapman, K., Cole, S., Collins, S., Figueroa, L., Freeman, M., Gershim, A., Ghattas, H., Hagaman, A., Jamaluddine, Z., Tshala-Katumbay, D., Krishnakumar, D., Maes, K., Mathad, J., Maupin, J., Mbullo, P., Miller, J., Muslin, I.M., Niesluchowski, M., Omidvar, N., Pearson, A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., Sanchez-Rodríguez, C., Rosinger, A., Santoso, M.V., Schuster, R., Srivastava, S., Staddon, C., Stoler, J., Sullivan, A., Tesfaye, Y., Triviño, N., Trowell, A., Tutu, R., Escobar-Vargar, J. and Zinab, H. 2020. Household water insecurity is strongly associated with food insecurity: Evidence from 27 sites in low- and middle-income countries. American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (1) e23309. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23309

Validity of a four-item household water insecurity experiences scale for assessing water issues related to health and well-being
Young, S.L., Miller, J.D., Frongillo, E.A., Boateng, G.O., Jamaluddine, Z., Neilands, T.B., Brewis, A., Trowell, A., Pearson, A.L., Wutich, A., Sullivan, A., Rosinger, A.Y., Hagaman, A., Workman, C., Staddon, C., Tshala-Katumbay, D., Krishnakumar, D., Adams, E., Sánchez-Rodriguez, E.C., Carrillo, G., Asiki, G., Ghattas, H., Eini-Zinab, H., Melgar-Quiñonez, H., Ahmed, J.F., Moran-Martinez, J., Vonk, J., Maupin, J., Escobar-Vargas, J., Stoler, J., Mathad, J., Chapman, K., Maes, K., Samayoa-Figueroa, L., Sheikhi, M., Alexander, M., Santoso, M.V., Freeman, M.C., Boivin, M.J., Morales, M.M., Balogun, M., Ghorbani, M., Omidvar, N., Triviño, N., Hawley, N., Owuor, P.M., Tutu, R., Schuster, R.C., Rasheed, S., Collins, S.M., Srivastava, S., Cole, S., Jepson, W. and Tesfaye, Y. 2020. Validity of a four-item household water insecurity experiences scale for assessing water issues related to health and well-being. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 104 (1), p. 391–394. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0417

Perspektif Gender dan Hak Anak dalam Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Perempuan dan Anak di Bawah Kuasa Korporasi di Indonesia
Ahsinin, A., Prihandono, I., Banjaran Aji, S., Dewi, C., Novita, J., Elpasari,, J. N., Riyadi, E., Hadi, S., El Muhtaj, M., Wahyuningroem, S., Sandang,Y. and Cole, S. 2020. Perspektif Gender dan Hak Anak dalam Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia: Perempuan dan Anak di Bawah Kuasa Korporasi di Indonesia. Indonesia Elsam.

Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities
Cole, S. Vizcaino-Suárez, P., Jeffrey, H. and Eger, C. (ed.) 2020. Tourism and Gender-based Violence: Challenging Inequalities. Wallingford CABI.

“Tourism, water, and gender”—An international review of an unexplored nexus
Cole, S., Mullor, E. C. and Sandang, Y. 2020. “Tourism, water, and gender”—An international review of an unexplored nexus. WIREs Water. 7 (4) e1442. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1442

No sustainability for tourism without gender equality
Alarcón, D. M. and Cole, S. 2019. No sustainability for tourism without gender equality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism . 27 (7), pp. 903-919. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1588283

Gender Equality and Tourism: Beyond Empowerment
Cole, S. Cole, S. (ed.) 2018. Gender Equality and Tourism: Beyond Empowerment. Wallingford CABI.

Water worries: An intersectional feminist political ecology of tourism and water in Labuan Bajo, Indonesia
Cole, S. 2017. Water worries: An intersectional feminist political ecology of tourism and water in Labuan Bajo, Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research . 67, pp. 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.018

A Gendered Political Ecology of Tourism and Water
Cole, S. 2016. A Gendered Political Ecology of Tourism and Water. in: Mostafanezhad, M., Norum, R., Shelton, E. J. and Thompson-Carr, A. (ed.) Political Ecology of Tourism: Community, Power and the Environment London Routledge.

Towards a Gendered Political Economy of Tourism and Water
Cole, S. and Ferguson, L. 2015. Towards a Gendered Political Economy of Tourism and Water. Tourism Geographies. 17 (4), pp. 511-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2015.1065509

For the Worry of Water: Water, Women and Tourism in Labuan Bajo
Cole, S. and Muslin, M. 2015. For the Worry of Water: Water, Women and Tourism in Labuan Bajo.

Tourism and water: from stakeholders to rights holders, and what tourism businesses need to do
Cole, S. 2014. Tourism and water: from stakeholders to rights holders, and what tourism businesses need to do. Journal of Sustainable Tourism . 22 (1), pp. 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.776062

Water Equity in Tourism: A Human Right, A Global Responsibility
Nobel R., Browne M., Cole, S., Latchford R., Nang, D. and de Gama A. 2012. Water Equity in Tourism: A Human Right, A Global Responsibility. London Tourism Concern.

A political ecology of water equity and tourism: A Case Study From Bali
Cole, S. 2012. A political ecology of water equity and tourism: A Case Study From Bali. Annals of Tourism Research . 39 (2), pp. 1221-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.01.003

Tourism and Water in Bali: a looming Crisis
Cole, S. 2011. Tourism and Water in Bali: a looming Crisis. Contours. 21 (1), pp. 14-25.

Conclusion: Tourism, inequalities and prospects
Cole, S. and Morgan, N. 2010. Conclusion: Tourism, inequalities and prospects. in: Tourism and Inequality: Problems and Prospects CABI Publishing.

Introduction: Tourism and inequalities
Cole, S. and Morgan, N. 2010. Introduction: Tourism and inequalities. in: Tourism and Inequality: Problems and Prospects CABI Publishing.

Tourism and human rights
Cole, S. and Eriksson, J. 2010. Tourism and human rights. in: Cole, S. and Morgan, N. (ed.) Tourism and inequality: problems and prospects Oxford CABI Publishing. pp. 107-125

Living in Hope: Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Flores
Cole, S. 2008. Living in Hope: Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Flores. in: Burns, P. and Novelli, M. (ed.) Tourism Development: Growth, Myths and Realities Oxford CABI Publishing. pp. 272-279

Sustaining Communities: Understanding the Socio-cultural and Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism
Cole, S. and James, G. 2008. Sustaining Communities: Understanding the Socio-cultural and Socio-economic Impacts of Tourism. Tourism Concern.

Implementing and evaluating a code of conduct for visitors
Cole, S. 2007. Implementing and evaluating a code of conduct for visitors. Tourism Management . 28 (2), pp. 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.010

Beyond authenticity and commodification
Cole, S. 2007. Beyond authenticity and commodification. Annals of Tourism Research . 34 (4), pp. 943-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.05.004

Tourism, Culture and Development: Hopes, Dreams and Realities in East Indonesia
Cole, S. 2007. Tourism, Culture and Development: Hopes, Dreams and Realities in East Indonesia . Clevedon Channel View Publications.

Entrepreneurship and Empowerment: Considering the barriers - a case study from Indonesia
Cole, S. 2007. Entrepreneurship and Empowerment: Considering the barriers - a case study from Indonesia. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 55 (4), pp. 461-473.

Community Development and Entrepreneurial Activity
Cole, S. and Harris, C. 2007. Community Development and Entrepreneurial Activity. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 55 (4), pp. 371-373.

Cultural tourism, community participation and empowerment
Cole, S. 2006. Cultural tourism, community participation and empowerment. in: Smith, M. and Robinson, M. (ed.) Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (Re)presentation Cleveland Channel View Publications. pp. 89-103

Information and Empowerment: The Keys to Achieving Sustainable Tourism
Cole, S. 2006. Information and Empowerment: The Keys to Achieving Sustainable Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism . 14 (6), pp. 629-644. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost607.0

The Hidden Power: The role of NGOs and the consequences of consumer choices
Cole, S. 2006. The Hidden Power: The role of NGOs and the consequences of consumer choices.

Hospitality and Tourism in Ngadha: An Ethnographic Exploration
Cole, S. 2006. Hospitality and Tourism in Ngadha: An Ethnographic Exploration. in: Lynch, P., Morrison, A. and Lashley, C. (ed.) Hospitality: a social lens London Elsevier. pp. 61-71

Community education
Cole, S. 2005. Community education. in: Airey, D. and Tribe, J. (ed.) An International Handbook of Tourism Education Taylor & Francis. pp. 395-410

Action ethnography: using participant observation
Cole, S. 2005. Action ethnography: using participant observation. in: Ritchie, B. W., Burns, P. and Palmer, C. (ed.) Tourism research methods: integrating theory with practice Wallingford CABI Publishing. pp. 63-72

Action Anthropology: Methodological Innovations in Tourism Research
Cole, S. 2005. Action Anthropology: Methodological Innovations in Tourism Research. Tourism Recreation Research. 30 (2), pp. 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2005.11081474

Community Tourism Education: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia
Cole, S. 2005. Community Tourism Education: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia. in: Airey, D. and Tribe, J. (ed.) An International Handbook of Tourism Education Oxford Elsevier. pp. 395-410

Shared Benefits? Longitudinal Research in Eastern Indonesia
Cole, S. 2004. Shared Benefits? Longitudinal Research in Eastern Indonesia. in: Goodson, L. and Phillimore, J. (ed.) Qualitative Research in Tourism: Epistemologies, Ontologies and Methodologies London Routledge.

Cultural values in conflict: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia
Cole, S. 2004. Cultural values in conflict: case study from Ngadha, Flores, Indonesia. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 52 (1), pp. 91-101.

Appropriated meanings: Megaliths and tourism in Eastern Indonesia
Cole, S. 2003. Appropriated meanings: Megaliths and tourism in Eastern Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World . 31 (89), pp. 140-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810304448

Methodological Innovations in North-South Tourism Research: Action Anthropology- New Fieldwork Methods
Cole, S. 2001. Methodological Innovations in North-South Tourism Research: Action Anthropology- New Fieldwork Methods. 7th ATLAS International Conference. Savonlinna, Finland 18 - 21 Jun 2000 University of Joensuu.

Mot en mer moralsk turisme?
Cole, S. and Viken, A. 2001. Mot en mer moralsk turisme? in: Viken. A. (ed.) Turisme: Tradisjoner og trender Gyldendal akademisk.

Post-modern tourist typologies: Case study from Flores, Indonesia
Cole, S. 2000. Post-modern tourist typologies: Case study from Flores, Indonesia. in: Robinson, M., Long, P., Evans, N., Sharpley, R. and Swarbrooke, J. (ed.) Tourism and Heritage Relationships: Global, National and Local Perspectives Business Education Publishers Ltd..

Education for participation: The villagers' perspective - a case study from Ngada, Flores
Cole, S. 1999. Education for participation: The villagers' perspective - a case study from Ngada, Flores. Bras, K., Dahles, H., Gunawan and Richards (ed.) ATLAS Asia Inauguration Conference. Bandung, Indonesia 05 - 07 Jul 1999

Tradition and Tourism: Dilemmas in Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study from the Ngada Region of Flores, Indonesia
Cole, S. 1998. Tradition and Tourism: Dilemmas in Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study from the Ngada Region of Flores, Indonesia. Antropologi Indonesia. 56, pp. 37-46. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v0i56.3338

Cultural Heritage Tourism, the Villagers' Perspective. Case Study from Ngada, Flores
Cole, S. 1997. Cultural Heritage Tourism, the Villagers' Perspective. Case Study from Ngada, Flores. in: Nuryanti, W. (ed.) Tourism and Heritage Management Yogyakarta, Indonesia Gadjah Mada University Press.

Anthropologists, local communities and sustainable tourism development
Cole, S. 1997. Anthropologists, local communities and sustainable tourism development. in: Stabler, M. J. (ed.) Tourism and sustainability: principles to practice Wallingford CABI Publishing. pp. 219-230