Increasing cognitive load with increasing balance challenge: recipe for catastrophe

Barra, J., Bray, A., Vishal, S., Golding, J.F. and Gresty, M.A. 2006. Increasing cognitive load with increasing balance challenge: recipe for catastrophe. Experimental Brain Research. 174 (4), pp. 734-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0519-2

TitleIncreasing cognitive load with increasing balance challenge: recipe for catastrophe
AuthorsBarra, J., Bray, A., Vishal, S., Golding, J.F. and Gresty, M.A.
Abstract

The variety of sometimes contradictory results of studies of the impact of secondary cognitive tasks on postural balance may be attributed to the heterogeneity of balance challenges and tasks deployed and frequent lack of quantitative comparability of tasks. We deployed a wide range of quantitatively graded difficulties of both balance challenge and cognitive tasking to obtain an overview of the spectrum of their interactions in a multi-tasking situation. A differential comparison of the effects of verbally versus spatially loaded tasks, balanced for difficulty, was made and unlike any other study, we contrived to incorporate falls as an experimental variable. In the first study subjects stood in tandem on beams of either 2, 3 and 6 cm or 3, 6 and 8 cm width (according to 'best performance' ability) while performing mental verbal or spatial 'Stroop' tasks. The design was a between groups (sixteen subjects each) comparison (to reduce learning effect) of sway, fall rate and task error, balanced for order. Measurements were taken of centre of pressure, sway velocity at the hip and head displacement. For any beam width there were no within-subject correlations between sway magnitudes and frequency of falls. Spatial task errors increased with balance challenge (hence with magnitude of sway) but verbal performance was maintained independently of balance challenge. The results of the first study provided statistical power estimates for the design of the second focussed experiment which made a within group (twenty four subjects) comparison of the impact of spatial versus verbal tasks on balancing on the hardest beam. The spatial task significantly elevated the incidence of falls whereas the verbal task had no effect on fall rate. The spatial task raised the incidence of falling by 50% (P = 0.0008) in comparison with 'no task'. The verbal task had no effect (P = 0.07). We conclude that sway magnitude is a poor index of multi-task load. Multi-tasking can increase the chance of falling and spatial processing may have a specific impact on balance. The significant elevation of fall frequency during cognitive tasking shows that the 'posture first' principal can be transgressed although the necessary condition for transgression may be that the subject is willing to take risks believing that he can arrest any fall.

JournalExperimental Brain Research
Journal citation174 (4), pp. 734-745
ISSN0014-4819
YearOct 2006
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0519-2
Publication dates
PublishedOct 2006

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Perceived control, locus of control and preparatory information: effects on the perception of an acute pain stimulus
Williams, D., Golding, J.F., Phillips, K. and Towell, A. 2004. Perceived control, locus of control and preparatory information: effects on the perception of an acute pain stimulus. Personality and Individual Differences. 36 (7), pp. 1681-1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.07.009

We are most aware of our place in the world when about to fall
Bray, A., Subanandan, A., Isableu, B., Ohlmann, T., Golding, J.F. and Gresty, M.A. 2004. We are most aware of our place in the world when about to fall. Current Biology. 14 (15), pp. R609-R610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.040

Suppression of sickness by controlled breathing during mildly nauseogenic motion
Yen Pik Sang, F., Golding, J.F. and Gresty, M.A. 2003. Suppression of sickness by controlled breathing during mildly nauseogenic motion. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 74 (9), pp. 998-1002.

Effect of breathing supplemental oxygen on motion sickness in healthy adults
Ziavra, N., Yen Pik Sang, F., Golding, J.F., Bronstein, A.M. and Gresty, M.A. 2003. Effect of breathing supplemental oxygen on motion sickness in healthy adults. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (5), pp. 574-578.

Behavioral methods of alleviating motion sickness: effectiveness of controlled breathing and a music audiotape
Yen Pik Sang, F., Billar, J., Golding, J.F. and Gresty, M.A. 2003. Behavioral methods of alleviating motion sickness: effectiveness of controlled breathing and a music audiotape. Journal of Travel Medicine. 10 (2), pp. 108-112.

Impairment of spatial cognitive function with preservation of verbal performance during spatial disorientation
Gresty, M.A., Waters, S., Bray, A., Bunday, K. and Golding, J.F. 2003. Impairment of spatial cognitive function with preservation of verbal performance during spatial disorientation. Current Biology. 13 (21), pp. R829-R830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2003.10.013

Motion sickness and tilts of the inertial force environment: active suspension systems vs. active passengers
Golding, J.F., Bles, W., Bos, E., Haynes, T. and Gresty, M.A. 2003. Motion sickness and tilts of the inertial force environment: active suspension systems vs. active passengers. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 74 (3), pp. 220-227.

Attentional demands of continuously monitoring orientation using vestibular information
Yardley, L., Papo, D., Bronstein, A.M., Gresty, M.A., Gardner, M., Lavie, N. and Luxon, L. 2002. Attentional demands of continuously monitoring orientation using vestibular information. Neuropsychologia. 40 (4), pp. 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00113-0

A motion sickness maximum around the 0.2 Hz frequency range of horizontal translational oscillation
Golding, J.F., Mueller, A.G. and Gresty, M.A. 2001. A motion sickness maximum around the 0.2 Hz frequency range of horizontal translational oscillation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 72 (3), pp. 188-192.

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