Dorsett, R. and Robins, P.K. 2014. A Multi-Level Analysis of the Impacts of Services Provided By the UK Employment Retention and Advancement Demonstration. Evaluation Review. 37 (2), pp. 63-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X13517383
| Title | A Multi-Level Analysis of the Impacts of Services Provided By the UK Employment Retention and Advancement Demonstration |
|---|---|
| Authors | Dorsett, R. and Robins, P.K. |
| Abstract | Background: The United Kingdom Employment Retention and Advancement (U.K. ERA) demonstration was the largest and most comprehensive social experiment ever conducted in the United Kingdom. It examined the extent to which a combination of postemployment advisory support and financial incentives could help lone parents on welfare to find sustained employment with prospects for advancement. ERA was experimentally tested across more than 50 public employment service offices and, within each office, individuals were randomly assigned to either a program (or treatment) group (eligible for ERA) or a control group (not eligible). Method: article presents the results of a multilevel nonexperimental analysis that examines the variation in office-level impacts and attempts to understand what services provided in the offices tend to be associated with impacts. Result: The analysis suggests that impacts were greater in offices that emphasized in-work advancement, support while working and financial bonuses for sustained employment, and also in those offices that assigned more caseworkers to ERA participants. Offices that encouraged further education had smaller employment impacts. Conclusion: Plausible results are obtained identifying those particular implementation features that tended to be linked to stronger impacts of ERA. The methodology employed also allows the identification of which services are associated with employment and welfare receipt of control families receiving benefits under the traditional |
| Keywords | income support, methodological development, economic evaluation, design and evaluation of programs and policies |
| Journal | Evaluation Review |
| Journal citation | 37 (2), pp. 63-108 |
| ISSN | 0193-841X |
| Year | 2014 |
| Publisher | Sage |
| Accepted author manuscript | |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X13517383 |
| Web address (URL) | http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0193841X13517383 |
| Publication dates | |
| Published | 18 Feb 2014 |
| Published in print | 2013 |
Estimated cumulative incidence of intervention by children’s social care services to age 18: a whole-of-England administrative data cohort study using the child in need census
Dorsett, R., Jay, M., Troncoso, P., Bilson, A., Thomson, D., Pearson, R., De Stavola, B. and Gilbert, R. Forthcoming. Estimated cumulative incidence of intervention by children’s social care services to age 18: a whole-of-England administrative data cohort study using the child in need census. International Journal of Population Data Science.
Impact of Family Group Conference referrals at pre-proceedings stage on child outcomes: A randomised controlled trial
Dorsett, R. 2024. Impact of Family Group Conference referrals at pre-proceedings stage on child outcomes: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Social Work. 54 (6), pp. 2358-2377. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcae035
How incarcerating children affects their labour market outcomes
Dorsett, R. and Thomson, D. 2023. How incarcerating children affects their labour market outcomes. Journal of Social Policy. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279423000235
Evaluation of Year 1 of the Academic Mentoring Programme: Impact Evaluation for Year 11. Evaluation Report: An exploration of impact in Year 11
Oppedisano, V., Roy, P., Smith, A., Zhang, M., Lord, P., Marden, R, Style, B. and Dorsett, R. 2023. Evaluation of Year 1 of the Academic Mentoring Programme: Impact Evaluation for Year 11. Evaluation Report: An exploration of impact in Year 11. https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/projects-and-evaluation/projects/national-tutoring-programme-ntp-academic-mentoring The Education Endowment Foundation.
The school-to-work transition for young people who experience custody
Dorsett, R., Bowyer, A. and Thomson, D. 2023. The school-to-work transition for young people who experience custody. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 14 (3), p. 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1332/175795921X16726787156855
Evaluation of Year 1 of the Tuition Partners Programme: Impact Evaluation for Primary Schools. Evaluation Report
Oppedisano, V., Poet, H., Zhang, M., Lord, P., Styles, B. and Dorsett, R. 2022. Evaluation of Year 1 of the Tuition Partners Programme: Impact Evaluation for Primary Schools. Evaluation Report. https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/projects-and-evaluation/projects/national-tutoring-programme-ntp-tuition-partners The Education Endowment Foundation.
Evaluation of Year 1 of the Tuition Partners Programme: Impact Evaluation Report for Year 11. Evaluation Report: An exploration of impact in Year 11
Oppedisano, V., Poet, H, Zhang, M., Dorsett, R., Lord, P and Styles, B 2022. Evaluation of Year 1 of the Tuition Partners Programme: Impact Evaluation Report for Year 11. Evaluation Report: An exploration of impact in Year 11. The Education Endowment Foundation.
The Effect of Embedding Formative Assessment on Pupil Attainment
Anders, J., Foliano, F., Bursnall, M., Dorsett, R., Hudson, N., Runge, J. and Speckesser, S. 2022. The Effect of Embedding Formative Assessment on Pupil Attainment. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness. 15 (4), pp. 748-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2021.2018746
Pre-apprenticeship training for young people: Estimating the marginal and average treatment effects
Dorsett, R. and Stokes, L. 2022. Pre-apprenticeship training for young people: Estimating the marginal and average treatment effects. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society). 185 (1), pp. 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12697
A Bayesian structural time series analysis of the effect of basic income on crime: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund*
Dorsett, R. 2021. A Bayesian structural time series analysis of the effect of basic income on crime: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund*. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society). 184 (1), pp. 179-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12619
Improving Working Memory
Wright, H., Dorsett, R., Anders, J., Buzzeo, J., Runge, J. and Sanders, M. 2019. Improving Working Memory. Education Endowment Foundation.
Estimating the impact of Traineeships
Dorsett, R., Gray, H., Speckesser, S. and Stokes, L. 2019. Estimating the impact of Traineeships. Department for Education.
Intergenerational and interethnic mental health: an analysis for the United Kingdom
Dorsett, R., Rienzo, C. and Weale, M. 2019. Intergenerational and interethnic mental health: an analysis for the United Kingdom. Population, Space and Place. 25 (2), p. e2195 e2195. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2195
Mathematical Reasoning
Stokes, S., Hudson-Sharp, N., Dorsett, R., Rolfe, H., Anders, J., George, A., Buzzeo, J. and Munro-Lott, N. 2018. Mathematical Reasoning. Education Endowment Foundation.
Young people's labour market transitions: the role of early experiences
Dorsett, R. and Lucchino, P. 2018. Young people's labour market transitions: the role of early experiences. Labour Economics. 54, pp. 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2018.06.002
Using Administrative Data to Explore the Effect of Survey Nonresponse in the UK Employment Retention and Advancement Demonstration
Dorsett, R., Hendra, R. and Robins, P.K. 2018. Using Administrative Data to Explore the Effect of Survey Nonresponse in the UK Employment Retention and Advancement Demonstration. Evaluation Review. 42 (5-6), pp. 491-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X16674395
What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years
Dorsett, R. and Anders, J. 2017. What young English people do once they reach school-leaving age: A cross-cohort comparison for the last 30 years. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. 8 (1), pp. 75-103. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v8i1.399
HMP Peterborough Social Impact Bond - learning exercise
Dorsett, R. 2017. HMP Peterborough Social Impact Bond - learning exercise.
A review of the matching process for the impact analysis of the HMP Peterborough Social Impact Bond
Anders, J. and Dorsett, R. 2017. A review of the matching process for the impact analysis of the HMP Peterborough Social Impact Bond.
Peterborough social impact bond: final report on cohort 2 analysis
Anders, J. and Dorsett, R. 2017. Peterborough social impact bond: final report on cohort 2 analysis. Ministry of Justice.
The effect of lifelong learning on men's wages
Dorsett, R., Lui, S. and Weale, M. 2016. The effect of lifelong learning on men's wages. Empirical Economics. 15 (2), pp. 737-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-015-1024-x
The Work Programme: factors associated with differences in the relative effectiveness of prime providers
Dorsett, R. and Lucchino, P. 2016. The Work Programme: factors associated with differences in the relative effectiveness of prime providers. Department for Work and Pensions.
Breaking the low pay, no pay cycle: the effects of the UK Employment Retention and Advancement programme
Hendra, R., Riccio, J.A., Dorsett, R. and Robins, P.K. 2015. Breaking the low pay, no pay cycle: the effects of the UK Employment Retention and Advancement programme. IZA Journal of Labor Policy. 4 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-015-0042-9
Empirical research on youth transitions to and within the labour market
Speckesser, S., Anders, J., De Coulon, A., Dorsett, R., Espinoza Bustos, H., Kirchner Sala, L. and Nafilyan, V. 2015. Empirical research on youth transitions to and within the labour market. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.
Education and its Effects on Income and Mortality of Men aged Sixty-five and over in Great Britain
Dorsett, R., Lui, S. and Weale, M. 2014. Education and its Effects on Income and Mortality of Men aged Sixty-five and over in Great Britain. Labour Economics. 27, pp. 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2014.02.002
Explaining patterns in the school-to-work transition: An analysis using optimal matching
Dorsett, R. and Lucchino, P. 2014. Explaining patterns in the school-to-work transition: An analysis using optimal matching. Advances in Life Course Research. 22, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2014.07.002
The effect of temporary in-work support on employment retention: evidence from a field experiment
Dorsett, R. 2014. The effect of temporary in-work support on employment retention: evidence from a field experiment. Labour Economics. 31, pp. 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2014.10.002
Mind the Gap
Dorsett, R., Rienzo, C., Rolfe, H., Burns, H., Robertson, B-A., Thorpe, B. and Wall, K. 2014. Mind the Gap. Education Endowment Foundation.
The Effect of Making a Voluntary Labour Market Programme Compulsory: Evidence from a UK Experiment
Dorsett, R., Smeaton, D. and Speckesser, S. 2013. The Effect of Making a Voluntary Labour Market Programme Compulsory: Evidence from a UK Experiment. Fiscal Studies. 34 (4), pp. 467-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2013.12016.x
The effect of the Troubles on GDP in Northern Ireland
Dorsett, R. 2013. The effect of the Troubles on GDP in Northern Ireland. European Journal of Political Economy. 29, pp. 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.10.003
Policy evaluation in a time of austerity: Introduction
Bryson, A., Dorsett, R. and Portes, J. 2012. Policy evaluation in a time of austerity: Introduction. National Institute Economic Review. 219, pp. R1-R3. https://doi.org/10.1177/002795011221900101
Breaking the low-pay, no-pay cycle: Final evidence from the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration, DWP Research Report No 765
Hendra, R., Riccio, J.A., Dorsett, R., Greenberg, D., Knight, G., Phillips, J., Robins, P.K., Vegeris, S., Walter, J., Hill, A., Ray, K. and Smith, J. 2011. Breaking the low-pay, no-pay cycle: Final evidence from the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration, DWP Research Report No 765. London Department for Work and Pensions.
Breaking the low-pay, no-pay cycle: Final evidence from the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration
Hendra, R., Riccio, J.A., Dorsett, R., Greenberg, D., Knight, G., Phillips, J., Robins, P.K., Vegeris, S., Walter, J., Hill, A., Ray, K. and Smith, J. 2011. Breaking the low-pay, no-pay cycle: Final evidence from the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration. Sheffield Department for Work and Pensions.
State dependence and unobserved heterogeneity in the employment transitions of the over-50s
Cappellari, L., Dorsett, R. and Haile, G.A. 2010. State dependence and unobserved heterogeneity in the employment transitions of the over-50s. Empirical Economics. 38 (3), pp. 523-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0278-6
Employment Incentives for Sole Parents: Labour Market Effects of Changes to Financial Incentives and Support
Dalgety, J., Dorsett, R. and Johnston, S. 2010. Employment Incentives for Sole Parents: Labour Market Effects of Changes to Financial Incentives and Support. in: Claus, I., Gemmell, N., Harding, M. and White, D. (ed.) Tax Reform in Open Economies: International and Country Perspectives Edward Elgar. pp. 194-217
Adjusting for non-ignorable sample attrition using survey substitutes identified by propensity score matching: an empirical investigation using labour market data
Dorsett, R. 2010. Adjusting for non-ignorable sample attrition using survey substitutes identified by propensity score matching: an empirical investigation using labour market data. Journal of Official Statistics. 26 (1), pp. 105-125.
The impact of Pathways to Work on work, earnings and self-reported health in the April 2006 expansion areas
Bewley, H., Dorsett, R. and Salis, S. 2009. The impact of Pathways to Work on work, earnings and self-reported health in the April 2006 expansion areas. Norwich Department for Work and Pensions.
Pathways to work for new and repeat incapacity benefits claimants: evaluation synthesis report
Dorsett, R. 2008. Pathways to work for new and repeat incapacity benefits claimants: evaluation synthesis report. Norwich Department for Work and Pensions.
Implementation and second-year impacts for lone parents in the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration
Riccio, J.A., Bewley, H., Campbell-Barr, V., Dorsett, R., Hamilton, G., Hoggart, L., Marsh, A., Miller, C., Ray, K. and Vegeris, S. 2008. Implementation and second-year impacts for lone parents in the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration. Leeds Corporate Document Services.
Implementation and second-year impacts for New Deal 25 Plus customers in the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration
Miller, C., Bewley, H., Campbell-Barr, V., Dorsett, R., Hamilton, G., Hoggart, L., Homonoff, T., Marsh, A., Ray, K., Riccio, J.A. and Vegeris, S. 2008. Implementation and second-year impacts for New Deal 25 Plus customers in the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration. Leeds Corporate Document Services.
Mandating Intensive Activity Period for jobseekers aged 50+: final report of the quantitative evaluation
Dorsett, R. and Smeaton, D. 2008. Mandating Intensive Activity Period for jobseekers aged 50+: final report of the quantitative evaluation. Leeds Corporate Document Services.
The impact of Pathways on benefit receipt in the expansion areas
Bewley, H., Dorsett, R. and Salis, S. 2008. The impact of Pathways on benefit receipt in the expansion areas. Norwich Department for Work and Pensions.
Evidence on the effect of Pathways to Work on existing claimants
Bewley, H., Dorsett, R. and Ratto, M. 2008. Evidence on the effect of Pathways to Work on existing claimants. Leeds Corporate Document Services.
The effect of Pathways to Work on labour Market Outcomes
Dorsett, R. 2007. The effect of Pathways to Work on labour Market Outcomes. National Institute Economic Review. 202 (1), pp. 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027950107086170
progress2work and progress2work-LinkUP: an exploratory study to assess evaluation possibilities
Dorsett, R., Hudson, M. and MacKinnon, K. 2007. progress2work and progress2work-LinkUP: an exploratory study to assess evaluation possibilities. Leeds Corporate Document Services.
Implementation and first-year impacts of the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration
Dorsett, R., Campbell-Barr, V., Hamilton, G., Hoggart, L., Marsh, A., Miller, C., Phillips, J., Ray, K., Riccio, J.A., Rich, S. and Vegeris, S. 2007. Implementation and first-year impacts of the UK Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) demonstration. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
The impact of Pathways to Work
Bewley, H., Dorsett, R. and Haile, G.A. 2007. The impact of Pathways to Work. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
The new deal for young people: effect on the labour market status of young men
Dorsett, R. 2006. The new deal for young people: effect on the labour market status of young men. Labour Economics. 13 (3), pp. 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2004.10.006
Mandating IAP for older New Dealers: an interim report of the quantitative evaluation
Dorsett, R. and Speckesser, S. 2006. Mandating IAP for older New Dealers: an interim report of the quantitative evaluation. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Work Focused Interviews for Partners and enhanced New Deal for Partners: quantitative impact assessment
Dorsett, R., Haile, G.A. and Speckesser, S. 2006. Work Focused Interviews for Partners and enhanced New Deal for Partners: quantitative impact assessment. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Unemployed couples: the labour market effects of making both partners search for work
Dorsett, R. 2005. Unemployed couples: the labour market effects of making both partners search for work. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A. 168 (2), pp. 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2005.00353.x
Unemployed couples: the labour market effects of making both partners search for work
Dorsett, R. 2005. Unemployed couples: the labour market effects of making both partners search for work. London, UK Policy Studies Institute.
Joint claims for JSA extension: a technical report on the quantitative evaluation of labour market effects
Dorsett, R. 2005. Joint claims for JSA extension: a technical report on the quantitative evaluation of labour market effects. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Labour market transitions among the over-50s
Cappellari, L., Dorsett, R. and Haile, G.A. 2005. Labour market transitions among the over-50s. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Joint claims for JSA evaluation: synthesis of findings
Bewley, H., Dorsett, R. and Thomas, A. 2005. Joint claims for JSA evaluation: synthesis of findings. Department for Work and Pensions.
Joint claims for JSA evaluation: synthesis of findings
Bewley, H., Dorsett, R. and Thomas, A. 2005. Joint claims for JSA evaluation: synthesis of findings. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
New Deal for Young People: Relative effectiveness of the options in reducing male unemployment
Dorsett, R. 2004. New Deal for Young People: Relative effectiveness of the options in reducing male unemployment. London, UK Policy Studies Institute.
Families and Children Strategic Analysis Programme (FACSAP): Low-moderate income couples and the labour market
Dorsett, R. and Kasparova, D. 2004. Families and Children Strategic Analysis Programme (FACSAP): Low-moderate income couples and the labour market. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Using matched substitutes to adjust for nonignorable nonresponse: an empirical investigation using labour market data
Dorsett, R. 2004. Using matched substitutes to adjust for nonignorable nonresponse: an empirical investigation using labour market data. London, UK Policy Studies Institute.
The new deal for young people: effect of the options on the labour market status of young men
Dorsett, R. 2004. The new deal for young people: effect of the options on the labour market status of young men. London, UK University of Westminster.
Joint claims for JSA age range extension: quantitative evaluation: survey report
Bewley, H. and Dorsett, R. 2004. Joint claims for JSA age range extension: quantitative evaluation: survey report. Sheffield, UK Department for Work and Pensions.
Work-based learning for adults: an evaluation of labour market effects
Anderson, T., Dorsett, R., Hales, J., Lissenburgh, S., Pires, C. and Smeaton, D. 2004. Work-based learning for adults: an evaluation of labour market effects. Sheffield, UK Department for Work and Pensions. https://doi.org/187
Employment group seminar: refreshment samples, matching and attrition bias
Dorsett, R. 2003. Employment group seminar: refreshment samples, matching and attrition bias. Policy Studies Institute.
The use of propensity score matching in the evaluation of active labour market policies
Bryson, A., Dorsett, R. and Purdon, S. 2002. The use of propensity score matching in the evaluation of active labour market policies. London, UK Department for Work and Pensions.
Joint claims for JSA: quantitative evaluation of labour market effects
Bonjour, D., Dorsett, R., Knight, G. and Lissenburgh, S. 2002. Joint claims for JSA: quantitative evaluation of labour market effects. Sheffield, UK Department for Work and Pensions. https://doi.org/Workingageevaluationreport117
New deal for partners: characteristics and labour market transitions of eligible couples
Bonjour, D. and Dorsett, R. 2002. New deal for partners: characteristics and labour market transitions of eligible couples. Sheffield, UK Department for Work and Pensions. https://doi.org/JobseekersAnalysisDivisionreportWAE134
Earnings Top-up evaluation: effects on unemployed people
Smith, A., Dorsett, R. and McKnight, A. 2001. Earnings Top-up evaluation: effects on unemployed people. Leeds Corporate Document Services.
Earnings Top-up evaluation: effects on low-paid workers
Marsh, A., Stephenson, A., Dorsett, R. and Elias, P. 2001. Earnings Top-up evaluation: effects on low-paid workers. Leeds Corporate Document Services.
Earnings top-up evaluation: effects on unemployed people
Smith, A., Dorsett, R. and McKnight, A. 2001. Earnings top-up evaluation: effects on unemployed people. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Earnings top-up evaluation : effects on low-paid workers
Marsh, A., Stephenson, A. and Dorsett, R. 2001. Earnings top-up evaluation : effects on low-paid workers. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Workless couples: modelling labour market transitions
Dorsett, R. 2001. Workless couples: modelling labour market transitions. Sheffield, UK Employment Service.
Workless couples: characteristics and labour market transitions
Dorsett, R. 2001. Workless couples: characteristics and labour market transitions. Sheffield, UK Employment Service. https://doi.org/EmploymentserviceresearchanddevelopmentreportESR79
New deal for young people: national survey of participants: stage 2
Bonjour, D., Dorsett, R., Knight, G., Lissenburgh, S., Mukherjee, A., Payne, J., Range, M., Urwin, P.J. and White, M. 2001. New deal for young people: national survey of participants: stage 2. Sheffield, UK Employment Service. https://doi.org/EmploymentServiceResearchandDevelopmentReportESR67
Joint claims for JSA: quantitative survey stage 1: potential claimants
Bonjour, D., Dorsett, R. and Knight, G. 2001. Joint claims for JSA: quantitative survey stage 1: potential claimants. Sheffield, UK Employment Service.
The degree of monopsony power in agricultural labour markets, and the impact of the agricultural minimum wage: an application to craft workers in England and Wales
Burton, M. and Dorsett, R. 2001. The degree of monopsony power in agricultural labour markets, and the impact of the agricultural minimum wage: an application to craft workers in England and Wales. Applied Economics. 33 (14), pp. 1775-1784. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840010017668
An investigation of the increasing prevalence of nonpurchase of meat by British households
Burton, M., Dorsett, R. and Young, T. 2000. An investigation of the increasing prevalence of nonpurchase of meat by British households. Applied Economics. 32 (15), pp. 1985-1991. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840050155913
An econometric analysis of smoking prevalence among lone mothers
Dorsett, R. 1999. An econometric analysis of smoking prevalence among lone mothers. Journal of Health Economics. 18 (4), pp. 429-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(98)00045-9
An econometric analysis of the prevalence of smoking among lone mothers
Dorsett, R. 1999. An econometric analysis of the prevalence of smoking among lone mothers. Journal of Health Economics. 18, pp. 429-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(98)00045-9
Changing preferences for meat: Evidence from UK household data, 1973-93
Burton, M., Dorsett, R. and Young, T. 1996. Changing preferences for meat: Evidence from UK household data, 1973-93. European Review of Agricultural Economics. 23 (3), pp. 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/23.3.357
The Take‐Up of Means‐Tested Benefits by Working Families with Children
Dorsett, R. and Heady, C. 1991. The Take‐Up of Means‐Tested Benefits by Working Families with Children. Fiscal Studies. 12 (4), pp. 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1991.tb00166.x
Permalink - https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q2xqw/a-multi-level-analysis-of-the-impacts-of-services-provided-by-the-uk-employment-retention-and-advancement-demonstration