Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: relationship with cardiovascular risk markers and clinical endpoints

HDL-apoA-I kinetics in response to 16 weeks exercise training in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Whyte, M.B, Shojaee-Moradie, F., Sharaf, S.E., Cuthbertson, D.J., Kemp, G.J., Barrett, M., Jackson, N.C., Herring, R.A, Wright, J., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D. and Umpleby, A.M. 2020. HDL-apoA-I kinetics in response to 16 weeks exercise training in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00019.2020

Ethnic differences in adiposity and diabetes risk – insights from genetic studies
Yaghootkar, H., Bell, J.D., Whitcher, B. and Thomas, E.L. 2020. Ethnic differences in adiposity and diabetes risk – insights from genetic studies. Journal of Internal Medicine. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1111/joim.13082

Genome-wide and Mendelian randomisation studies of liver MRI yield insights into the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis
Parisinos, C.A., Wilman, H., Thomas, E.L., Kelly, M., Nicholls, R.C., McGonigle, J., Neubauer, S., Hingorani, A.D., Patel, R.S., Hemingway, H., Bell, J.D., Banerjee, R and Yaghootkar, H. 2020. Genome-wide and Mendelian randomisation studies of liver MRI yield insights into the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Journal of Hepatology. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.032

The role of physical activity in metabolic homeostasis before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes: an IMI DIRECT study
Koivula, R.W., Atabaki-Pasdar, N, Giordano, G.N., White, T., Adamski, J., Bell, J.D., Beulens, J, Brage, S, Brunak, S., De Masi, F., Dermitzakis, E.T., Forgie, I.M., Frost, G.S., Hansen, T., Hansen, T.H., Hattersley, A., Kokkola, T., Kurbasic, A., Laakso, M., Mari, A., McDonald T.J., Pedersen, O., Rutters, F., Schwenk, J.M, Teare, H.J.A., Thomas, E.L., Vinuela, A., Mahajan, A., McCarthy, M.I., Ruetten, H., Walker, M., Pearson, E., Pavo, I. and Franks, P.W. 2020. The role of physical activity in metabolic homeostasis before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes: an IMI DIRECT study. Diabetologia. doi:10.1007/s00125-019-05083-6

A Framework for Automatic Morphological Feature Extraction and Analysis of Abdominal Organs in MRI Volumes
Asaturyan, H., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D. and Villarini, B. 2019. A Framework for Automatic Morphological Feature Extraction and Analysis of Abdominal Organs in MRI Volumes. Journal of Medical Systems. 43, p. 334. doi:10.1007/s10916-019-1474-3

A Framework for Automatic Morphological Feature Extraction and Analysis of Abdominal Organs in MRI Volumes
Asaturyan, H., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D. and Villarini, B. 2019. A Framework for Automatic Morphological Feature Extraction and Analysis of Abdominal Organs in MRI Volumes. Journal of Medical Systems. 43 (12), p. 334. doi:10.1007/s10916-019-1474-3

Advancing Pancreas Segmentation in Multi-protocol MRI Volumes using Hausdorff-Sine Loss Function
Asaturyan, H., Thomas, E.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Bell, J.D. and Villarini, B. 2019. Advancing Pancreas Segmentation in Multi-protocol MRI Volumes using Hausdorff-Sine Loss Function. 10th International Workshop on Machine Learning in Medical Imaging (MLMI 2019) in conjunction with MICCAI 2019. Shenzen, China 13 Oct 2019 Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32692-0_4

Machine Learning Classification of Females Susceptibility to Visceral Fat Associated Diseases
Aldraimli, M., Soria, D., Parkinson, J., Whitcher, B., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Chaussalet, T.J. and Dwek, M. 2019. Machine Learning Classification of Females Susceptibility to Visceral Fat Associated Diseases. MEDICON 2019: XV Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. Coimbra, Portugal 26 - 28 Sep 2019 Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8_81

Genetic studies of abdominal MRI data identify genes regulating hepcidin as major determinants of liver iron concentration
Wilman, H.R., Parisinos, C.A., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Kelly, M., Thomas, E.L., Neubauer, S., Mahajan, A., Hingorani, A.D., Patel, R.S., Hemingway, H., Franks, P.W., Bell, J.D., Banerjee, R. and Yaghootkar, H. 2019. Genetic studies of abdominal MRI data identify genes regulating hepcidin as major determinants of liver iron concentration. Journal of Hepatology. 71 (3), pp. 594-602. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.032

LEAP2 changes with body mass and food intake in humans and mice
Mani, B.K., Puzziferri, N., He, Z., Rodriguez, J.A., Osborne-Lawrence, S., Metzger, N.P., Chhina, N., Gaylinn, B.D., Thorner, M.O., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Williams, K.W., Goldstone, A.P. and Zigman, J.M. 2019. LEAP2 changes with body mass and food intake in humans and mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 129 (9), pp. 3909-3923. doi:10.1172/JCI125332

Discovery of biomarkers for glycaemic deterioration before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes: descriptive characteristics of the epidemiological studies within the IMI DIRECT Consortium
Koivula, R.W., Forgie, I.M., Kurbasic, A., Viñuela, A., Heggie, A., Giordano, G.N., Hansen, T.H., Hudson, M., Koopman, A.D., Rutters, F., Siloaho, M., Allin, K.H., Brage, S., Brorsson, C.A., Dawed, A.Y., De Masi, F., Groves, C.J., Kokkola, T., Mahajan, A., Perry, M.H., Rauh, S.P., Ridderstråle, M., Teare, H.J.A., Thomas, E.L., Tura, A., Vestergaard, H., White, T., Adamski, J., Bell, J.D., Beulens, J., Brunak, S., Dermitzakis, E.T., Froguel, P., Frost, G., Gupta, R., Hansen, T., Hattersley, A., Jablonka, B., Kaye, J., Laakso, M., McDonald, T.J., Pedersen, O., Schwenk, J.M., Pavo, I., Mari, A., McCarthy, M.I., Ruetten, H., Walker, M., Pearson, E. and Franks, P.W. 2019. Discovery of biomarkers for glycaemic deterioration before and after the onset of type 2 diabetes: descriptive characteristics of the epidemiological studies within the IMI DIRECT Consortium. Diabetologia. 62 (9), pp. 1601-1615. doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4906-1

Cannabidiol Affects Extracellular Vesicle Release, miR21 and miR126, and Reduces Prohibitin Protein in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells
Kosgodage, U., Uysal Onganer, P., Maclatchy, A., Mould, R., Nunn, A.V.W., Guy, G.W., Kraev, I., Chatterton, N.P., Thomas, E.L., Inal, J.M., Bell, J.D. and Lange, S. 2019. Cannabidiol Affects Extracellular Vesicle Release, miR21 and miR126, and Reduces Prohibitin Protein in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. Translational Oncology. 12 (3), pp. 513-522. doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2018.12.004

Genome-wide and abdominal MRI-imaging data provides evidence that a genetically determined favourable adiposity phenotype is characterized by lower ectopic liver fat and lower risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and hypertension
Ji, Y., Yiorkas, A.M., Frau, F., Mook-Kanamori, D., Staiger, H., Thomas, E.L., Atabaki-Pasdar, N., Campbell, A., Tyrrell, J., Jones, S.E., Beaumont, R.N., Wood, A.R., Tuke, M.A., Ruth, K.S., Mahajan, A., Murray, A., Freathy, R.M., Weedon, M.N., Hattersley, A.T., Hayward, C., Machann, J., Häring, H.U., Franks, P.W., de Mutsert, R., Pearson, E., Stefan, N., Frayling, T.M., Allebrandt, K.V., Bell, J.D., Blakemore, A.I. and Yaghootkar, H. 2019. Genome-wide and abdominal MRI-imaging data provides evidence that a genetically determined favourable adiposity phenotype is characterized by lower ectopic liver fat and lower risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and hypertension. Diabetes. 68 (1), pp. 207-219. doi:10.2337/db18-0708

The effects of dietary supplementation with inulin and inulin-propionate ester on hepatic steatosis in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Chambers, E.S., Byrne, C.S., Rugyendo, A., Morrison, D.J., Preston, T., Tedford, M.C., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Akbar, A.N., Riddell, N.E., Sharma, R., Thursz, M.R., Manousou, P. and Frost, G. 2019. The effects of dietary supplementation with inulin and inulin-propionate ester on hepatic steatosis in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 21 (2), pp. 372-376. doi:10.1111/dom.13500

Reference range of liver corrected T1 values in a population at low risk for fatty liver disease-a UK Biobank sub-study, with an appendix of interesting cases
Mojtahed, A., Kelly, C.J., Herlihy, A.H., Kin, S., Wilman, H.R., McKay, A., Kelly, M., Milanesi, M., Neubauer, S,, Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Banerjee, R. and Harisinghani, M. 2019. Reference range of liver corrected T1 values in a population at low risk for fatty liver disease-a UK Biobank sub-study, with an appendix of interesting cases. Abdominal Radiology. 44 (1), pp. 72-84. doi:10.1007/s00261-018-1701-2

Measurement of liver iron by magnetic resonance imaging in the UK Biobank population
McKay, A., Wilman, H., Dennis, A., Kelly, M., Gyngell, M.L., Neubauer, S., Bell, J.D., Banerjee, R. and Thomas, E.L. 2018. Measurement of liver iron by magnetic resonance imaging in the UK Biobank population. PLoS ONE. 13 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209340

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a Novel Inhibitor for Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release in Cancer
Kosgodage, U., Mould, R., Henley, A., Nunn, A.V.W., Guy, G.W., Thomas, E.L., Inal, J.M., Bell, J.D. and Lange, S. 2018. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a Novel Inhibitor for Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release in Cancer. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9, p. 889. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00889

Plasma metabolome analysis identifies distinct human metabotypes in the postprandial state with different susceptibility to weight loss–mediated metabolic improvements
Fiamoncini, J., Rundle, M., Gibbons, H., Thomas, E.L., Geillinger-Kästle, K., Bunzel, D., Trezzi, J.P., Kiselova-Kaneva, J., Wopereis, S., Wahrheit, J., Kulling, S.E., Hiller, K., Sonntag, D., Ivanova, D., van Ommen, B, Frost, G., Brennan, L., Bell, J.D. and Daniel, H. 2018. Plasma metabolome analysis identifies distinct human metabotypes in the postprandial state with different susceptibility to weight loss–mediated metabolic improvements. FASEB Journal. 32 (10), p. 5447–5458. doi:10.1096/fj.201800330R

Body Composition Profiling in the UK Biobank Imaging Study
Linge, J., Borger Magnus, West, J., Tuthill, T., Miller, M.R., Dumitriu, A., Thomas, E.L., Romu, T., Tunón, P., Bell, J.D. and Leinhard, O.D. 2018. Body Composition Profiling in the UK Biobank Imaging Study. Obesity. 26 (11), pp. 1785-1795. doi:10.1002/oby.22210

Rifaximin in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Open-Label Pilot Study
Cobbold, J.F.L., Atkinson, S., Marchesi, J.R., Smith, A., Wai, S.N., Stove, J., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Jackson, N.C., Umpleby, A.M., Fitzpatrick, J., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Holmes, E., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Goldin, R.D., Yee, M.S., Anstee, Q.M. and Thursz, M.R. 2018. Rifaximin in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Hepatology Research. 48 (1), pp. 69-77. doi:10.1111/hepr.12904

Impact of liver fat on the differential partitioning of hepatic triacylglycerol into VLDL subclasses on high and low sugar diets
Umpleby, A.M., Shoajee-Moradie, F., Fielding, F., Li, X., Marino, A., Alsini, N, Isherwood, C, Jackson, N.C., Ahmad, A., Stolinski, M., Lovegrove, J.A., Johnsen, S., Mendis, A., Wright, J., Wilinska, M.E., Hovorka, R., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Frost, G.S. and Griffin, B.A. 2017. Impact of liver fat on the differential partitioning of hepatic triacylglycerol into VLDL subclasses on high and low sugar diets. Clinical Science. 131 (21), pp. 2561-2573. doi:10.1042/CS20171208

Cationic lipid-based nanoparticles mediate functional delivery of acetate to tumor cells in vivo leading to significant anticancer effects
Brody, L.P., Sahuri Arisoylu, M., Parkinson, J.R., Parkes, H.G., So, P-W, Hajji, N, Thomas, E.L., Frost, G.S., Miller, A.D. and Bell, J.D. 2017. Cationic lipid-based nanoparticles mediate functional delivery of acetate to tumor cells in vivo leading to significant anticancer effects. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 12, pp. 6677-6685. doi:10.2147/IJN.S135968

A Framework for Morphological Feature Extraction of Organs from MR Images for Detection and Classification of Abnormalities
Villarini, B., Asaturyan, H., Thomas, E.L., Mould, R. and Bell, J.D. 2017. A Framework for Morphological Feature Extraction of Organs from MR Images for Detection and Classification of Abnormalities. Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS’17). Thessaloniki, Greece 22 - 24 Jun 2017 IEEE . doi:10.1109/CBMS.2017.49

Psoas major cross-sectional area: A potential marker of cardiorespiratory fitness
Fitzpatrick, J., Chambers, E.S., Parkinson, J.R.C., Frost, G., Bell, J.D. and Thomas, E.L. 2017. Psoas major cross-sectional area: A potential marker of cardiorespiratory fitness. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology. 4 (1), pp. 15-20. doi:10.4103/ijcep.ijcep_6_17

Characterisation of liver fat in the UK Biobank cohort
Wilman, H., Kelly, M., Garratt, S., Matthews, P., Milanesi, M., Herlihy, A.H., Gyngell, M, Neubauer, S, Bell, J.D., Banerjee, R and Thomas, E.L. 2017. Characterisation of liver fat in the UK Biobank cohort. PLoS ONE. 12 (2), p. e0172921. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172921

Effect of energy restriction and physical exercise intervention on phenotypic flexibility as examined by transcriptomics analyses of mRNA from adipose tissue and whole body magnetic resonance imaging
Lee, S., Norheim, F., Langleite, T.M., Noreng, H.J., Storås, T.H., Afman, L.A., Frost, G., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Kolnes, K.J., Tangen, D.S., Stadheim, H.K., Gilfillan, G.D., Gulseth, H.L., Birkeland, K.I., Jensen, J., Drevon, C.A. and Holen, T. 2016. Effect of energy restriction and physical exercise intervention on phenotypic flexibility as examined by transcriptomics analyses of mRNA from adipose tissue and whole body magnetic resonance imaging. Physiological Reports. 4 (21), p. e13019. doi:10.14814/phy2.13019

Feasibility of MR-Based Body Composition Analysis in Large Scale Population Studies
West, J., Leinhard, O.D., Romu, T., Collins, R., Garratt, S., Bell, J.D., Borga, M. and Thomas, E.L. 2016. Feasibility of MR-Based Body Composition Analysis in Large Scale Population Studies. PLoS ONE. 11 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163332

Exercise Training Reduces Liver Fat and Increases Rates of VLDL Clearance, but not VLDL Production in NAFLD
Shojaee-Moradie, F., Cuthbertson, D.J., Barrett, M., Jackson, N.C., Herring, R, Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Kemp, G.J., Wright, J. and Umpleby, A.M. 2016. Exercise Training Reduces Liver Fat and Increases Rates of VLDL Clearance, but not VLDL Production in NAFLD. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 101 (11), pp. 4219-4228. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2353

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study
Jadoon, K.A., Ratcliffe, S.H., Barrett, D.A., Thomas, E.L., Stott, C., Bell, J.D., O’Sullivan S.E. and Tan, G.D. 2016. Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study. Diabetes Care. 39 (10), pp. 1777-1786. doi:10.2337/dc16-0650

Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial of amino acid regimen and intravenous lipid composition in preterm parenteral nutrition
Uthaya, S.N., Liu, X., Babalis, D., Doré, C.J., Caroline, J., Warwick, J., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Ashby, D., Durighel, G., Ederies, A., Yanez-Lopez, M. and Modi, N. 2016. Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial of amino acid regimen and intravenous lipid composition in preterm parenteral nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 106 (3), pp. 1443-1452. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.125138

Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates (NEON) trial of amino acid regimen and intravenous lipid composition in preterm parenteral nutrition: a randomised double-blind controlled trial
Uthaya, S.N., Liu, X., Babalis, D., Doré, C.J., Warwick, J., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Ashby, D., Durighel, G., Ederies, A., Yanez-Lopez, M. and Modi, N. 2016. Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates (NEON) trial of amino acid regimen and intravenous lipid composition in preterm parenteral nutrition: a randomised double-blind controlled trial. Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation. 3 (2). doi:10.3310/eme03020

Reprogramming of hepatic fat accumulation and 'browning' of adipose tissue by the short-chain fatty acid acetate
Sahuri Arisoylu, M., Brody, L., Parkinson, J., Parkes, H.G., Navaratnam, N., Miller, A.D., Thomas, E.L., Frost, G.S. and Bell, J.D. 2016. Reprogramming of hepatic fat accumulation and 'browning' of adipose tissue by the short-chain fatty acid acetate. International Journal of Obesity. 40, p. 955–963. doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.23

Liver fat in adults with GH deficiency: comparison to matched controls and the effect of GH replacement
Meienberg, F., Yee, M., Johnston, D.G., Cox, J., Robinson, S., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Godsland, I.F. 2016. Liver fat in adults with GH deficiency: comparison to matched controls and the effect of GH replacement. Clinical Endocrinology. 85 (1), pp. 76-84. doi:10.1111/cen.13042

Body fat MRS
Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 2015. Body fat MRS. eMagRes. 4 (3), pp. 663-672. doi:10.1002/9780470034590.emrstm1478

A randomized controlled trial: the effect of inulin on weight management and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes.
Guess, N.D., Dornhorst, A., Oliver, N., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L. and Frost, G.S. 2015. A randomized controlled trial: the effect of inulin on weight management and ectopic fat in subjects with prediabetes. Nutrition & Metabolism. 12 (36). doi:10.1186/s12986-015-0033-2

Validation of a fast method for quantification of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue for large-scale human studies
Borga, M., Thomas, E.L., Romu, T., Rosander, J., Fitzpatrick, J., Leinhard, O.D., Bell, J.D. and Borger Magnus 2015. Validation of a fast method for quantification of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue for large-scale human studies. NMR in Biomedicine. 28 (12), pp. 1747-1753. doi:10.1002/nbm.3432

Dissociation between exercise-induced reduction in liver fat and changes in hepatic and peripheral glucose homeostasis in obese patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Cuthbertson, D.J., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Sprung, V.S., Jones, H., Pugh, C.J., Richardson, P., Kemp, G.J., Barrett, M., Jackson, N.C., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D. and Umpleby, A.M. 2015. Dissociation between exercise-induced reduction in liver fat and changes in hepatic and peripheral glucose homeostasis in obese patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clinical Science. 130 (2), pp. 93-104. doi:10.1042/CS20150447

Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults.
Chambers, E.S., Viardot, A., Psichas, A., Morrison, D.J., Murphy, K.G., Zac-Varghese, S.E., MacDougall, K., Preston, T., Tedford, C., Finlayson, G.S., Blundell, J.E., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Mt-Isa, S., Ashby, D., Gibson, G.R., Kolida, S., Dhillo, W.S., Bloom, S.R., Morley, W., Clegg, S., Frost, G.S. and Sagen E K Zac-Varghese 2015. Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut. 64 (11), pp. 1744-54. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307913

Circulating pancreatic polypeptide concentrations predict visceral and liver fat content
Sam Amir, H., Sleeth Michelle, L., Thomas, E.L., Daud Norlida, M., Chambers Edward, Shojaee-Moradie Fariba, Umpleby, A.M., le Roux, C.W., Bech Paul, Busbridge Mark, Laurie Rosemary Cuthbertson Daniel, J., Buckley Adam Ghatei Mohammad, A., Bloom, S.R., Frost, G.S., Bell, J.D., Murphy, K.G., Ismail Nurhafzan, Shoajee-Moradie Fariba, Goldstone, A.P., Cuthbertson, D.J. and Ghatei, M.A. 2015. Circulating pancreatic polypeptide concentrations predict visceral and liver fat content. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 100 (3), pp. 1048-1052. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3450

Sexual dimorphism in relation to adipose tissue and intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in early infancy
Gale, C., Jeffries, Suzan, Santhakumaran, S., Uthaya, S.N., Durighel, G., Alavi, Afshin, Modi, N., Thomas, E.L., Logan, Karen M., Parkinson, J.R.C. and Bell, J.D. 2015. Sexual dimorphism in relation to adipose tissue and intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in early infancy. International Journal of Obesity. 39 (4), pp. 629-32. doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.4

Preterm nutritional intake and MRI phenotype at term age: a prospective observational study
Vasu, V., Durighel, G., Malamateniou, C., Rutherford, M.A., Modi, N., Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 2014. Preterm nutritional intake and MRI phenotype at term age: a prospective observational study. BMJ Open. 4 (5). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005390

Body Fat: our own Janus
Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 2014. Body Fat: our own Janus. Physiology News. 96, pp. 24-27.

The association between objectively measured sitting and standing with body composition: a pilot study using magnetic resonance imaging
Smith, L., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D. and Hamer, M. 2014. The association between objectively measured sitting and standing with body composition: a pilot study using magnetic resonance imaging. BMJ Open. 4 (6), p. e005476. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005476

External validation of the fatty liver index and lipid accumulation product indices, using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to identify hepatic steatosis in healthy controls and obese, insulin-resistant individuals
Cuthbertson, D.J., Weickert, M.O., Lythgoe, D., Sprung, V.S., Dobson, R., Shoajee-Moradie Fariba, Umpleby, A.M., Pfeiffer, A.F.H., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Jones, H. and Kemp, G.J. 2014. External validation of the fatty liver index and lipid accumulation product indices, using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to identify hepatic steatosis in healthy controls and obese, insulin-resistant individuals. European Journal of Endocrinology. 171 (5), pp. 561-569. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0112

Efficacy of increased resistant starch consumption in human type 2 diabetes
Bodinham, C.L., Smith, L., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Swann Jonathan, Costabile, A., Russell-Jones, D., Umpleby, A.M. and Robertson, M.D. 2014. Efficacy of increased resistant starch consumption in human type 2 diabetes. Endocrine Connections. 3 (2), pp. 75-84. doi:10.1530/EC-14-0036

The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism
Frost, G.S., Sahuri-Arisoylu Meliz, Lizarbe Blanca, Cerdan Sebastian, Brody Leigh, Anastasovska, J., Ghourab Samar, Hankir, M., Zhang Shuai, Carling David Swann Jonathan, R., Gibson, G.R., Viardot, A., Morrison Douglas Thomas E Louise, Bell, J.D., Sleeth Michelle, L., Swann Jonathan and Thomas, E.L. 2014. The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism. Nature Communications. 5. doi:10.1038/ncomms4611

Adiposity and hepatic lipid in healthy full-term, breastfed, and formula-fed human infants: a prospective short-term longitudinal cohort study
Gale, C., Thomas, E.L., Jeffries, Suzan, Durighel, G., Logan, Karen M., Parkinson, J.R.C., Uthaya, S.N., Santhakumaran, S., Bell, J.D. and Modi, N. 2014. Adiposity and hepatic lipid in healthy full-term, breastfed, and formula-fed human infants: a prospective short-term longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutition. 99 (5), pp. 1034-1040. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.080200

The impact of oligofructose on stimulation of gut hormones, appetite regulation and adiposity
Daud Norlida, M., Ismail Nurhafzan, Thomas, E.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Swann Jonathan, Costabile, A., Pedersen, C., Frost, G.S., Bell, J.D., Childs, C.E. and Goldstone, A.P. 2014. The impact of oligofructose on stimulation of gut hormones, appetite regulation and adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 22 (6), pp. 1430-1438. doi:10.1002/oby.20754

A history of previous gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse changes in insulin secretion and VLDL metabolism independently of increased intrahepatocellular lipid
Forbes, S., Godsland, I.F., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Patel, N., Hamilton, G., Parker, K.H., Marshall, I., Gray, C.D., Bedford, D.C., Caslake, M., Walker, B.R. and Johnston, D.G. 2013. A history of previous gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse changes in insulin secretion and VLDL metabolism independently of increased intrahepatocellular lipid. Diabetologia. 56 (9), pp. 2021-2033. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2956-3

Whole body fat: content and distribution
Thomas, E.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Malik, S.J., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Bell, J.D. 2013. Whole body fat: content and distribution. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 73, pp. 56-80. doi:10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.04.001

Early nutritional determinants of intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in preterm infants at term age
Vasu, V., Thomas, E.L., Durighel, G., Hyde, M.J., Bell, J.D. and Modi, N. 2013. Early nutritional determinants of intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in preterm infants at term age. International Journal of Obesity. 37 (4), pp. 500-504. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.213

Metabolic syndrome, overweight and fatty liver
Thomas, E.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Frost, G.S. and Bell, J.D. 2013. Metabolic syndrome, overweight and fatty liver. in: Berdanier, C.D., Dwyer, J.T. and Heber, D. (ed.) Handbook of nutrition and food, 3rd edition Boca Raton CRC Press. pp. 763-768

Polycystic ovary syndrome with hyperandrogenism is characterized by an increased risk of hepatic steatosis compared to nonhyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes and healthy controls, independent of obesity and insulin resistance
Jones, H., Sprung, V.S., Pugh, C.J.A., Daousi, C., Irwin, A., Aziz, N., Adams, V.L., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Kemp, G.J. and Cuthbertson, D.J. 2012. Polycystic ovary syndrome with hyperandrogenism is characterized by an increased risk of hepatic steatosis compared to nonhyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes and healthy controls, independent of obesity and insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 97 (10), pp. 3709-3716. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1382

Fatty acid flux and oxidation are increased by rimonabant in obese women
Backhouse, K., Sarac, I., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Stolinski, M., Robertson, M.D., Frost, G.S., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Wright, J., Russell-Jones, D. and Umpleby, A.M. 2012. Fatty acid flux and oxidation are increased by rimonabant in obese women. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 61 (9), pp. 1220-1223. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.02.012

Gender differences in VLDL1 and VLDL2 triglyceride kinetics and fatty acid kinetics in obese postmenopausal women and obese men
Sarac, I., Backhouse, K., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Stolinski, M., Robertson, M.D., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Hovorka, R., Wright, J. and Umpleby, A.M. 2012. Gender differences in VLDL1 and VLDL2 triglyceride kinetics and fatty acid kinetics in obese postmenopausal women and obese men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 97 (7), pp. 2475-2481. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3248

Excess body fat in obese and normal weight subjects
Thomas, E.L., Frost, G.S., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Bell, J.D. 2012. Excess body fat in obese and normal weight subjects. Nutrition Research Reviews. 25 (1), pp. 150-161. doi:10.1017/S0954422412000054

The effect of preterm birth on adiposity and metabolic pathways and the implications for later life
Thomas, E.L., Al Saud, N.B., Durighel, G., Frost, G.S. and Bell, J.D. 2012. The effect of preterm birth on adiposity and metabolic pathways and the implications for later life. Clinical Lipidology. 7 (3), pp. 275-288. doi:10.2217/clp.12.32

Intrahepatic insulin exposure, intrahepatocellular lipid and regional body fat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Mehta, S.R., Godsland, I.F., Thomas, E.L., Pavitt, D.V., Morin, S.H.X., Bell, J.D., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Johnston, D.G. 2012. Intrahepatic insulin exposure, intrahepatocellular lipid and regional body fat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 97 (6), pp. 2151-2159. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2430

Hepatic steatosis, GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement: a Liverpool magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Gardner, C.J., Irwin, A., Daousi, C., McFarlane, I.A., Joseph, F., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Adams, V.L., Kemp, G.J. and Cuthbertson, D.J. 2012. Hepatic steatosis, GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement: a Liverpool magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. European Journal of Endocrinology. 166, pp. 993-1002. doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0002

Fermentable carbohydrate alters hypothalamic neuronal activity and protects against the obesogenic environment
Anastasovska, J., Arora, T., Sanchez-Canon, G.J., Parkinson, J.R.C., Touhy, K., Gibson, G.R., Nadkarni, N., So, P.W., Goldstone, A.P., Thomas, E.L., Hankir, M., Van Loo, J., Modi, N., Bell, J.D. and Frost, G.S. 2012. Fermentable carbohydrate alters hypothalamic neuronal activity and protects against the obesogenic environment. Obesity. 20 (5), pp. 1016-1023. doi:10.1038/oby.2012.6

Differential effects of two fermentable carbohydrates on central appetite regulation and body composition
Arora, T., Loo, R.L., Anastasovska, J., Gibson, G.R., Tuohy, K., Kumar Sharma, R., Swann Jonathan, Deaville, E.R., Sleeth Michelle, L., Thomas, E.L., Holmes, E., Bell, J.D. and Frost, G.S. 2012. Differential effects of two fermentable carbohydrates on central appetite regulation and body composition. PLoS ONE. 7 (8), p. e43263. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043263

Improved Glycaemia correlates with liver fat reduction in obese, type 2 diabetes, patients given glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
Cuthbertson, D.J., Irwin, A., Gardner, C.J., Daousi, C., Purewal, T, Furlong, N, Goenka, N, Thomas, E.L., Adams, V.L., Pushpakom, SP, Pirmohamed, M and Kemp, G.J. 2012. Improved Glycaemia correlates with liver fat reduction in obese, type 2 diabetes, patients given glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. PLoS ONE. 7 (12), p. e50117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050117

Metabolic profiling of the rat liver after chronic ingestion of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate using in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Solanky, B.S., Sanchez-Canon, G.J., Cobbold, J.F.L., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Bell, J.D., Scudamore, C.L., Ross, E., Holder, J.C., So, P.W. and Cox, I.J. 2012. Metabolic profiling of the rat liver after chronic ingestion of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate using in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Toxicological Sciences. 126 (2), pp. 306-316. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs019

Relation between trunk fat volume and reduction of total lung capacity in obese men
Watson, R.A., Pride, N.B., Thomas, E.L., Ind, P.W. and Bell, J.D. 2012. Relation between trunk fat volume and reduction of total lung capacity in obese men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 112 (1), pp. 118-126. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00217.2011

The missing risk: MRI and MRS phenotyping of abdominal adiposity and ectopic fat
Thomas, E.L., Parkinson, J.R.C., Frost, G.S., Goldstone, A.P., Doré, C.J., McCarthy, J., Collins, A.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Durighel, G., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Bell, J.D. 2012. The missing risk: MRI and MRS phenotyping of abdominal adiposity and ectopic fat. Obesity. 20 (1), pp. 76-87. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.142

Aberrant adiposity and ectopic lipid deposition characterize the adult phenotype of the preterm infant
Thomas, E.L., Parkinson, J.R.C., Hyde, M.J., Yap, I.K.S., Holmes, E., Doré, C.J., Bell, J.D. and Modi, N. 2011. Aberrant adiposity and ectopic lipid deposition characterize the adult phenotype of the preterm infant. Paediatric Research. 70 (5), pp. 507-512. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31822d7860

Pragmatic study of orlistat 60 mg on abdominal obesity
Thomas, E.L., Makwana, A., Newbould, R., Rao, A.W., Gambarota, G., Frost, G.S., Delafont, B., Mishra, R.G., Matthews, P.M., Berk, E.S., Schwartz, S.M., Bell, J.D. and Beaver, J.D. 2011. Pragmatic study of orlistat 60 mg on abdominal obesity. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 65, pp. 1256-1262. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.108

The influence of maternal body mass index on infant adiposity and hepatic lipid content
Modi, N., Murgasova, D., Ruager-Martin, R., Thomas, E.L., Hyde, M.J., Gale, C., Santhakumaran, S., Doré, C.J., Alavi, Afshin and Bell, J.D. 2011. The influence of maternal body mass index on infant adiposity and hepatic lipid content. Paediatric Research. 70 (3), pp. 287-291. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e318225f9b1

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultrasound for hepatic fat quantification
Mehta, S.R., Thomas, E.L., Patel, N., Crofton, M.E., McCarthy, J., Eliahoo, J., Morin, S.H.X., Fitzpatrick, J., Durighel, G., Goldstone, A.P., Johnston, D.G., Bell, J.D. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 2010. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultrasound for hepatic fat quantification. Hepatology Research. 40 (4), pp. 399-406. doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2009.00620.x

Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome
Johnston, K.L., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Frost, G.S. and Robertson, M.D. 2010. Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Diabetic Medicine. 27 (4), pp. 391-397. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02923.x

Reduction of total lung capacity in obese men: comparison of total intrathoracic and gas volumes
Watson, R.A., Pride, N.B., Thomas, E.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Durighel, G., McCarthy, J., Morin, S.H.X., Ind, P.W. and Bell, J.D. 2010. Reduction of total lung capacity in obese men: comparison of total intrathoracic and gas volumes. Journal of Applied Physiology. 108 (6), pp. 1605-1612. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01267.2009

Estimation of abdominal fat compartments by bioelectrical impedance: the validity of the ViScan measurement system in comparison with MRI
Thomas, E.L., Collins, A.L., McCarthy, J., Fitzpatrick, J., Durighel, G., Goldstone, A.P. and Bell, J.D. 2010. Estimation of abdominal fat compartments by bioelectrical impedance: the validity of the ViScan measurement system in comparison with MRI. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 64, pp. 525-533. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.18

Incidental findings in healthy control research subjects using whole-body MRI
Morin, S.H.X., Cobbold, J.F.L., Lim, A.K.P., Eliahoo, J., Thomas, E.L., Mehta, S.R., Durighel, G., Fitzpatrick, J., Bell, J.D. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 2009. Incidental findings in healthy control research subjects using whole-body MRI. European Journal of Radiology. 72 (3), pp. 529-533. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.08.006

Obesity, diabetes and longevity in the Gulf: is there a Gulf metabolic syndrome?
Guy, G.W., Nunn, A.V.W., Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 2009. Obesity, diabetes and longevity in the Gulf: is there a Gulf metabolic syndrome? International Journal of Diabetes Mellitus. 1 (1), pp. 43-54. doi:10.1016/j.ijdm.2009.05.001

The application of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to gene therapy
So, P.W., Bhakoo, K.K., Cox, I.J., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Bell, J.D. 2009. The application of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to gene therapy. in: Conn, P.M. (ed.) Essential bioimaging methods Academic Press. pp. 374-398

Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit
O'Donovan, G., Thomas, E.L., McCarthy, J., Fitzpatrick, J., Durighel, G., Mehta, S.R., Morin, S.H.X., Goldstone, A.P. and Bell, J.D. 2009. Fat distribution in men of different waist girth, fitness level and exercise habit. International Journal of Obesity. 33 (12), pp. 1356-1362. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.189

Whole body magnetic resonance imaging of healthy newborn infants demonstrates increased central adiposity in Asian Indians
Modi, N., Thomas, E.L., Uthaya, S.N., Umranikar, S., Bell, J.D. and Yajnik, C. 2009. Whole body magnetic resonance imaging of healthy newborn infants demonstrates increased central adiposity in Asian Indians. Paediatric Research. 65 (5), pp. 584-587. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819d98be

Neonatal intrahepatocellular lipid
Thomas, E.L., Uthaya, S.N., Vasu, V., McCarthy, J., McEwan, P., Hamilton, G., Bell, J.D. and Modi, N. 2008. Neonatal intrahepatocellular lipid. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 93 (5), pp. F382-F383. doi:10.1136/adc.2007.127431

Non-invasive means of measuring hepatic fat content
Mehta, S.R., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Johnston, D.G. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 2008. Non-invasive means of measuring hepatic fat content. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 14 (22), pp. 3476-3483. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.3476

Pioglitazone added to conventional lipid lowering treatment in familial combined hyperlipidaemia improves parameters of metabolic control: relation to liver, muscle and regional body fat content
Thomas, E.L., Potter, E., Tosi, I., Fitzpatrick, J., Hamilton, G., Amber, V., Hughs, R., North, C., Holvoet, P., Seed, M., Betteridge, D.J., Bell, J.D. and Naoumova, R.P. 2007. Pioglitazone added to conventional lipid lowering treatment in familial combined hyperlipidaemia improves parameters of metabolic control: relation to liver, muscle and regional body fat content. Atherosclerosis. 195 (1), pp. e181-e190. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.043

Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Chung, Y.L., Alexanderson, H., Pipitone, N., Morrison, C., Dastmalchi, M., Ståhl-Hallengren, C., Richards, S., Thomas, E.L., Hamilton, G., Bell, J.D., Lundberg, I.E. and Scott, D.L. 2007. Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 57 (4), pp. 694-702. doi:10.1002/art.22687

Exercise training reduces fatty acid availability and improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism
Shojaee-Moradie, F., Baynes, K.C.R., Pentecost, C., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Jackson, N.C., Stolinski, M., Whyte, M., Lovell, D., Bowes, S.B., Gibney, J., Jones, R.H. and Umpleby, A.M. 2007. Exercise training reduces fatty acid availability and improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism. Diabetologia. 50 (2), pp. 404-413. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0498-7

Determinants of adiposity during preweaning postnatal growth in appropriately grown and growth-restricted term infants
Modi, N., Thomas, E.L., Harrington, T.A.M., Uthaya, S.N., Doré, C.J. and Bell, J.D. 2006. Determinants of adiposity during preweaning postnatal growth in appropriately grown and growth-restricted term infants. Pediatric Research. 60 (3), pp. 345-348. doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000232732.93000.52

Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation
Batterham, R.L., Heffron, H., Kapoor, S., Chivers, J.E., Chandarana, K., Herzog, H., le Roux, C.W., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D. and Withers, D.J. 2006. Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation. Cell Metabolism. 4 (3), pp. 223-233. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001

Prediction of specific absorption rate in mother and fetus associated with MRI examinations during pregnancy
Hand, J.W., Li, Y., Thomas, E.L., Rutherford, M.A. and Hajnal, J.V. 2006. Prediction of specific absorption rate in mother and fetus associated with MRI examinations during pregnancy. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 55 (4), pp. 883-93. doi:10.1002/mrm.20824

Effect of nutritional counselling on hepatic, muscle and adipose tissue fat content and distribution in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., Hamilton, G., Patel, N., Spong, A., Goldin, R.D., Frost, G.S., Bell, J.D. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 2006. Effect of nutritional counselling on hepatic, muscle and adipose tissue fat content and distribution in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (36), pp. 5813-5819. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i36.5813

Intra-cellular fat accumulation: mechanisms and implications for health
Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 2006. Intra-cellular fat accumulation: mechanisms and implications for health. International Journal of Body Composition Research. 4 (1), pp. 27-37.

Excess visceral and hepatic adipose tissue in Turner syndrome determined by magnetic resonance imaging: estrogen deficiency associated with hepatic adipose content
Ostberg, J.E., Thomas, E.L., Hamilton, G., Attar, M.J.H., Bell, J.D. and Conway, G.S. 2005. Excess visceral and hepatic adipose tissue in Turner syndrome determined by magnetic resonance imaging: estrogen deficiency associated with hepatic adipose content. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (5), pp. 2631-2635. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1939

Altered adiposity after extremely preterm birth
Uthaya, S.N., Thomas, E.L., Hamilton, G., Doré, C.J., Bell, J.D. and Modi, N. 2005. Altered adiposity after extremely preterm birth. Pediatric Research. 57 (2), pp. 211-215. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000148284.58934.1C

Hepatic triglyceride content and its relation to body adiposity: a magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Thomas, E.L., Hamilton, G., Patel, N., O'Dwyer, R., Doré, C.J., Goldin, R.D., Bell, J.D. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 2005. Hepatic triglyceride content and its relation to body adiposity: a magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Gut. 54 (1), pp. 122-127. doi:10.1136/gut.2003.036566

Familial partial lipodystrophy associated with compound heterozygosity for novel mutations in the LMNA gene
Savage, D.B., McFarlane, I.A., Barroso, I., Soos, M.A., Powlson, A., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Scobie, I., Belchetz, P.E., Kelly, W.F., Halsall, D.J., Schafer, A.J. and O’Rahilly, S. 2004. Familial partial lipodystrophy associated with compound heterozygosity for novel mutations in the LMNA gene. Diabetologia. 47 (4), pp. 753-756. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1360-4

Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi Syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance
Goldstone, A.P., Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., Castroman, G., Edwards, R., Ghatei, M.A., Frost, G.S., Holland, A., Grossman, A.B., Korbonits, M., Bloom, S.R. and Bell, J.D. 2004. Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi Syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (4), pp. 1718-1726. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031118

Distribution of adipose tissue in the newborn
Harrington, T.A.M., Thomas, E.L., Modi, N., Frost, G.S. and Bell, J.D. 2004. Distribution of adipose tissue in the newborn. Pediatric Research. 55 (3), pp. 437-441. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000111202.29433.2D

The application of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to gene therapy
Bhakoo, K.K., Bell, J.D., Cox, I.J. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 2004. The application of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to gene therapy. in: Ashkenazi, A., Wells, J.A. and Yuan, J. (ed.) Methods in enzymology Elsevier.

Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
Savage, D.B., Tan, G.D., Acerini, C.L., Jebb, S.A., Agostini, M., Gurnell, M., Williams, R.L., Umpleby, A.M., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Dixon, A.K., Dunne, F., Boiani, R., Cinti, S., Vidal-Puig, A., Karpe, F., Chatterjee, V.K.K. and O'Rahilly, S. 2003. Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Diabetes. 52 (4), p. 910. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.4.910

Carbohydrate-induced manipulation of insulin sensitivity independently of intramyocellular lipids
Goff, L.M., Frost, G.S., Hamilton, G., Thomas, E.L., Dhillo, W.S., Dornhorst, A. and Bell, J.D. 2003. Carbohydrate-induced manipulation of insulin sensitivity independently of intramyocellular lipids. British Journal of Nutrition. 89 (3), pp. 365-375. doi:10.1079/BJN2002789

Influence of undersampling on magnetic resonance imaging measurements of intra-abdominal adipose tissue
Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 2003. Influence of undersampling on magnetic resonance imaging measurements of intra-abdominal adipose tissue. International Journal of Obesity. 27 (2), pp. 211-218. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.802229

Hypothalamic neuropeptides and regulation of fat mass in Prader-Willi syndrome
Goldstone, A.P., Unmehopa, U.A., Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., Bell, J.D., Frost, G.S., Ghatei, M.A., Holland, A., Bloom, S.R. and Swaab, D.F. 2003. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and regulation of fat mass in Prader-Willi syndrome. in: Eiholzer, U., l’Allemand, D. and Zipf, W.B. (ed.) Prader-Willi syndrome as a model for obesity: international symposium, Zurich, October 18-19, 2002 Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. pp. 31-43

Letter: Digenic inheritance of severe insulin resistance in a human pedigree
Savage, D.B., Agostini, M., Barroso, I., Gurnell, M., Luan, J.A., Meirhaeghe, A., Harding, A.H., Ihrke, G., Rajanayagam, O., Soos, M.A., George, S., Birger, D., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Meera, K., Ross, R.J., Vidal-Puig, A., Wareham, N.J., O'Rahilly, S., Chatterjee, V.K.K. and Schafer, A.J. 2002. Letter: Digenic inheritance of severe insulin resistance in a human pedigree. Nature Genetics. 31 (4), pp. 379-384. doi:10.1038/ng926

Resting metabolic rate, plasma leptin concentrations, leptin receptor expression, and adipose tissue measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in women with Prader-Willi syndrome
Goldstone, A.P., Brynes, A.E., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Frost, G.S., Holland, A., Ghatei, M.A. and Bloom, S.R. 2002. Resting metabolic rate, plasma leptin concentrations, leptin receptor expression, and adipose tissue measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in women with Prader-Willi syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutition. 75 (3), pp. 468-475.

Fast and reproducible method for the direct quantitation of adipose tissue in newborn infants
Harrington, T.A.M., Thomas, E.L., Modi, N., Frost, G.S., Coutts, G.A. and Bell, J.D. 2002. Fast and reproducible method for the direct quantitation of adipose tissue in newborn infants. Lipids. 37 (1), pp. 95-100. doi:10.1007/s11745-002-0868-4

Evidence for altered hepatic gluconeogenesis in patients with cirrhosis using in vivo 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Changani, K.K., Jalan, R., Cox, I.J., Ala-Korpela, M., Bhakoo, K.K., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Bell, J.D. 2001. Evidence for altered hepatic gluconeogenesis in patients with cirrhosis using in vivo 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Gut. 49 (4), pp. 557-564. doi:10.1136/gut.49.4.557

Visceral adipose tissue and metabolic complications of obesity are reduced in Prader-Willi syndrome female adults: evidence for novel influences on body fat distribution
Goldstone, A.P., Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., Bell, J.D., Frost, G.S., Saeed, N., Hajnal, J.V., Howard, J.K., Holland, A. and Bloom, S.R. 2001. Visceral adipose tissue and metabolic complications of obesity are reduced in Prader-Willi syndrome female adults: evidence for novel influences on body fat distribution. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (9), pp. 4330-4338.

In vivo evaluation of the effects of continuous exercise on skeletal muscle triglycerides in trained humans
Rico-Sanz, J., Moosavi, M., Thomas, E.L., McCarthy, J., Coutts, G.A., Saeed, N. and Bell, J.D. 2000. In vivo evaluation of the effects of continuous exercise on skeletal muscle triglycerides in trained humans. Lipids. 35 (12), pp. 1313-1315. doi:10.1007/s11745-000-0647-2

Bioenergetic targeting during organ preservation: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigations into the use of fructose to sustain hepatic ATP turnover during cold hypoxia in porcine livers
Changani, K.K., Fuller, B.J., Bell, J.D., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Davidson, B.R. 2000. Bioenergetic targeting during organ preservation: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigations into the use of fructose to sustain hepatic ATP turnover during cold hypoxia in porcine livers. Cryobiology. 41 (1), pp. 72-87. doi:10.1006/cryo.2000.2268

Assessing gene expression in vivo: magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
Bell, J.D. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 2000. Assessing gene expression in vivo: magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Gene Therapy. 7 (15), pp. 1259-1264.

Preferential loss of visceral fat following aerobic exercise, measured by magnetic resonance imaging
Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., McCarthy, J., Goldstone, A.P., Hajnal, J.V., Saeed, N., Frost, G.S. and Bell, J.D. 2000. Preferential loss of visceral fat following aerobic exercise, measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Lipids. 35 (7), pp. 769-776. doi:10.1007/s11745-000-0584-0

Increased availability of central benzodiazepine receptors in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and alcohol related cirrhosis
Jalan, R., Turjanski, N., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Koepp, M.J., Richardson, M.P., Wilson, J.A., Bell, J.D. and Brooks, D.J. 2000. Increased availability of central benzodiazepine receptors in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy and alcohol related cirrhosis. Gut. 46 (4), pp. 546-552. doi:10.1136/gut.46.4.546

Cortical dysfunction in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients: A combined 31P-MRS and 18FDG-PET study
Hu, M.T.M., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Chaudhuri, K.R., Bell, J.D., Labbé, C., Cunningham, V.J., Koepp, M.J., Hammers, A., Morris, R.G., Turjanski, N. and Brooks, D.J. 2000. Cortical dysfunction in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients: A combined 31P-MRS and 18FDG-PET study. Brain. 123 (2), pp. 340-352. doi:10.1093/brain/123.2.340

Cerebral proton and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy
Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Buckley, C., Changani, K.K., Hodgson, H.J.F. and Bell, J.D. 1999. Cerebral proton and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Liver. 19 (5), pp. 389-398. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.1999.tb00067.x

Improved preservation solutions for organ storage: a dynamic study of hepatic metabolism
Changani, K.K., Fuller, B.J., Bell, J.D., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Moore, D.P. and Davidson, B.R. 1999. Improved preservation solutions for organ storage: a dynamic study of hepatic metabolism. Transplantation. 68 (3), pp. 345-355.

Evidence for cortical dysfunction in clinically non-demented patients with Parkinson’s disease: a proton MR spectroscopy study
Hu, M.T.M., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Chaudhuri, K.R., Bell, J.D., Morris, R.G., Clough, C., Brooks, D.J. and Turjanski, N. 1999. Evidence for cortical dysfunction in clinically non-demented patients with Parkinson’s disease: a proton MR spectroscopy study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 67 (1), pp. 20-26. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.1.20

Relation of triglyceride stores in skeletal muscle cells to central obesity and insulin sensitivity in European and South Asian men
Forouhi, N.G., Jenkinson, G., Thomas, E.L., Mullick, S., Mierisová, Ŝ., Bhonsle, U., McKeigue, P.M. and Bell, J.D. 1999. Relation of triglyceride stores in skeletal muscle cells to central obesity and insulin sensitivity in European and South Asian men. Diabetologia. 42 (8), pp. 932-935. doi:10.1007/s001250051250

Incorporation of metabolite prior knowledge for data analysis: biochemical implications of dynamic 31P NMR ex vivo pig liver studies
Changani, K.K., Ala-Korpela, M., Fuller, B.J., Mierisová, Ŝ., Bryant, D.J., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Davidson, B.R. and Bell, J.D. 1999. Incorporation of metabolite prior knowledge for data analysis: biochemical implications of dynamic 31P NMR ex vivo pig liver studies. NMR in Biomedicine. 12 (4), pp. 197-204. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199906)12:4<197::AID-NBM561>3.0.CO;2-9

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and response to physical training
Montgomery, H., Clarkson, P., Barnard, M.L., Bell, J.D., Brynes, A.E., Hajnal, J.V., Hemingway, H., Mercer, D., Jarman, P., Marshall, R., Prasad, K., Rayson, M., Saeed, N., Thomas, E.L., Jubb, M., World, M., Dollery, C., Talmud, P. and Humphries, S.E. 1999. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and response to physical training. The Lancet. 353 (9152), pp. 541-545. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07131-1

Body fat metabolism: observation by MR imaging and spectroscopy
Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 1999. Body fat metabolism: observation by MR imaging and spectroscopy. in: Young, I.R. (ed.) Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in medicine and biology Wiley.

Diversity in levels of intracellular total creatine and triglycerides in human skeletal muscles observed by 1H-MRS
Rico-Sanz, J., Thomas, E.L., Jenkinson, G., Mierisová, Ŝ., Iles, R.A. and Bell, J.D. 1999. Diversity in levels of intracellular total creatine and triglycerides in human skeletal muscles observed by 1H-MRS. Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 (6), pp. 2068-2072.

Magnetic resonance: in-vivo NMR, applications – other nuclei
Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L. and Changani, K.K. 1999. Magnetic resonance: in-vivo NMR, applications – other nuclei. in: Lindon, J. (ed.) Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry London Academic Press.

Critical assessment of in vivo13C NMR spectroscopy and gas–liquid chromatography in the study of adipose tissue composition
Thomas, E.L., Cunnane, S.C. and Bell, J.D. 1998. Critical assessment of in vivo13C NMR spectroscopy and gas–liquid chromatography in the study of adipose tissue composition. NMR in Biomedicine. 11 (6), pp. 290-296. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199810)11:6<290::AID-NBM524>3.0.CO;2-N

Intracellular and extracellular skeletal muscle triglyceride metabolism during alternating intensity exercise in humans
Rico-Sanz, J., Hajnal, J.V., Thomas, E.L., Mierisová, Ŝ., Ala-Korpela, M. and Bell, J.D. 1998. Intracellular and extracellular skeletal muscle triglyceride metabolism during alternating intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology. 510 (2), pp. 615-622. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.615bk.x

Non-invasive metabolic assessment of human donor livers: metabolite assignment in 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Changani, K.K., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Bell, J.D., Fuller, B.J. and Davidson, B.R. 1998. Non-invasive metabolic assessment of human donor livers: metabolite assignment in 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Transplantation. 65 (11), pp. 1526-1527.

Human gene for physical performance
Montgomery, H., Marshall, R., Hemingway, H., Myerson, S., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C., Hayward, M., Holliman, D.E., Jubb, M., World, M., Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., Saeed, N., Barnard, M.L., Bell, J.D., Prasad, K., Rayson, M., Talmud, P. and Humphries, S.E. 1998. Human gene for physical performance. Nature. 393 (6682), pp. 221-222. doi:10.1038/30374

In vivo and in vitro hepatic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy in chronic ductopenic rejection of human liver allografts
Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Sargentoni, J., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Marcus, C.D., Changani, K.K., Saeed, N., Hodgson, H., Davidson, B.R., Burroughs, A.K., Rolles, K., Foster, C.S. and Cox, I.J. 1998. In vivo and in vitro hepatic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy in chronic ductopenic rejection of human liver allografts. Gut. 42 (5), pp. 735-43. doi:10.1136/gut.42.5.735

Magnetic resonance imaging of total body fat
Thomas, E.L., Saeed, N., Hajnal, J.V., Brynes, A.E., Goldstone, A.P., Frost, G.S. and Bell, J.D. 1998. Magnetic resonance imaging of total body fat. Journal of Applied Physiology. 85 (5), pp. 1778-1785.

A comparison of ATP recovery or phosphomonoester/inorganic phosphate ratio to assess metabolic activity in liver at hypothermia: a 31P NMR study
Changani, K.K., Davidson, B.R., Bell, J.D., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Fuller, B.J. 1998. A comparison of ATP recovery or phosphomonoester/inorganic phosphate ratio to assess metabolic activity in liver at hypothermia: a 31P NMR study. CryoLetters. 19, pp. 183-188.

Enhanced energy metabolism at hypothermia following addition of a prostacyclin derivative in porcine liver
Changani, K.K., Davidson, B.R., Bell, J.D., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Fuller, B.J. 1998. Enhanced energy metabolism at hypothermia following addition of a prostacyclin derivative in porcine liver. CryoLetters. 19, pp. 131-140.

Depression of liver mitochondrial complex II-linked respiration following cooling: beneficial effects of using a prostacyclin analogue during hypothermia
Changani, K.K., Bell, J.D., Brooks, K.J., Fuller, B.J., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Davidson, B.R., Brookes, P.S. and Bates, T.E. 1998. Depression of liver mitochondrial complex II-linked respiration following cooling: beneficial effects of using a prostacyclin analogue during hypothermia. CryoLetters. 19, pp. 71-78.

Assessment of quantitative artificial neural network analysis in a metabolically dynamic ex vivo31p NMR pig liver study
Ala-Korpela, M., Changani, K.K., Hiltunen, Y., Bell, J.D., Fuller, B.J., Bryant, D.J., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Davidson, B.R. 1997. Assessment of quantitative artificial neural network analysis in a metabolically dynamic ex vivo31p NMR pig liver study. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 38 (5), pp. 840-844. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910380522

In vivo and in vitro hepatic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy of the cirrhotic liver
Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Sargentoni, J., Bell, J.D., Saeed, N., Changani, K.K., Davidson, B.R., Rolles, K., Burroughs, A.K., Hodgson, H.J.F., Foster, C.S. and Cox, I.J. 1997. In vivo and in vitro hepatic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy of the cirrhotic liver. Liver. 17 (4), pp. 198-209. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0676.1997.tb00806.x

In vivo assessment of metabolic perturbations following alanine and glucagon administration using 31P-MRS in the rat
Changani, K.K., Barnard, M.L., Bell, J.D., Thomas, E.L., Williams, S.C.R., Bloom, S.R. and Iles, R.A. 1997. In vivo assessment of metabolic perturbations following alanine and glucagon administration using 31P-MRS in the rat. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: general subjects. 1335 (3), pp. 290-304. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(96)00148-1

Noninvasive characterization of neonatal adipose tissue by 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Thomas, E.L., Hanrahan, J.D., Ala-Korpela, M., Jenkinson, G., Azzopardi, D., Iles, R.A. and Bell, J.D. 1997. Noninvasive characterization of neonatal adipose tissue by 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lipids. 32 (6), pp. 645-651. doi:10.1007/s11745-997-0082-4

Non-invasive assessment of ATP regeneration potential of the preserved donor liver
Changani, K.K., Fuller, B.J., Bryant, D.J., Bell, J.D., Ala-Korpela, M., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Moore, D.P. and Davidson, B.R. 1997. Non-invasive assessment of ATP regeneration potential of the preserved donor liver. Journal of Hepatology. 26 (2), pp. 336-342. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(97)80050-5

Changes in adipose tissue composition in malnourished patients before and after liver transplantation: A carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography study
Thomas, E.L., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Barnard, M.L., Frost, G.S., Sargentoni, J., Davidson, B.R., Cunnane, S.C. and Bell, J.D. 1997. Changes in adipose tissue composition in malnourished patients before and after liver transplantation: A carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography study. Hepatology. 25 (1), pp. 178-183. doi:10.1002/hep.510250133

Hepatic nucleotide triphosphate regeneration following a period of brief hypothermic reperfusion in the pig model: an in vitro 31P-NMR study
Changani, K.K., Fuller, B.J., Bell, J.D., Bryant, D.J., Moore, D.P., Taylor-Robinson, S.D. and Davidson, B.R. 1996. Hepatic nucleotide triphosphate regeneration following a period of brief hypothermic reperfusion in the pig model: an in vitro 31P-NMR study. Transplantation. 62 (6), pp. 787-793.

Effects of n-3 fatty acids on the NMR profile of plasma lipoproteins
Bell, J.D., Barnard, M.L., Parkes, H.G., Thomas, E.L., Brennan, C.H., Cunnane, S.C. and Dagnelie, P.C. 1996. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on the NMR profile of plasma lipoproteins. The Journal of Lipid Research. 37 (8), pp. 1664-1674.

Automated feature extraction for the classification of human in vivo13C NMR spectra using statistical pattern recognition and wavelets
Tate, A.R., Watson, D., Eglen, S., Arvanitis, T.N., Thomas, E.L. and Bell, J.D. 1996. Automated feature extraction for the classification of human in vivo13C NMR spectra using statistical pattern recognition and wavelets. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 35 (6), pp. 834-840. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910350608

Development of a rapid and efficient magnetic resonance imaging technique for analysis of body fat distribution
Barnard, M.L., Schwieso, J.E., Thomas, E.L., Bell, J.D., Saeed, N., Frost, G.S., Bloom, S.R. and Hajnal, J.V. 1996. Development of a rapid and efficient magnetic resonance imaging technique for analysis of body fat distribution. NMR in Biomedicine. 9 (4), pp. 156-164. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199606)9:4<156::AID-NBM412>3.0.CO;2-B

Anin vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of the relationship between diet and adipose tissue composition
Thomas, E.L., Frost, G.S., Barnard, M.L., Bryant, D.J., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Simbrunner, J., Coutts, G.A., Burl, M., Bloom, S.R., Sales, K.D. and Bell, J.D. 1996. Anin vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of the relationship between diet and adipose tissue composition. Lipids. 31 (2), pp. 145-151. doi:10.1007/BF02522613

Hepatic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in primary biliary cirrhosis and its relation to prognostic models
Jalan, R., Sargentoni, J., Coutts, G.A., Bell, J.D., Rolles, K., Burroughs, A.K. and Taylor-Robinson, S.D. 1996. Hepatic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in primary biliary cirrhosis and its relation to prognostic models. Gut. 39 (1), pp. 141-146. doi:10.1136/gut.39.1.141

Cirrhosis of the human liver: an in vitro 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study
Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Thomas, E.L., Sargentoni, J., Marcus, C.D., Davidson, B.R. and Bell, J.D. 1995. Cirrhosis of the human liver: an in vitro 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: Molecular Basis of Disease. 1272 (2), pp. 113-118. doi:10.1016/0925-4439(95)00074-E

Effect of functional grade and etiology on in vivo hepatic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cirrhosis: Biochemical basis of spectral appearances
Menon, D.K., Sargentoni, J., Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Bell, J.D., Cox, I.J., Bryant, D.J., Coutts, G.A., Rolles, K., Burroughs, A.K. and Morgan, M.Y. 1995. Effect of functional grade and etiology on in vivo hepatic phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cirrhosis: Biochemical basis of spectral appearances. Hepatology. 21 (2), pp. 417-427. doi:10.1002/hep.1840210224

Cerebral 31P MRS in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy
Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Bell, J.D., Sargentoni, J., Bryant, D.J., Mallalieu, R.J. and Morgan, M.Y. 1995. Cerebral 31P MRS in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. in: Capocaccia, L., Merli, M. and Riggio, O. (ed.) Advances in hepatic encephalopathy and metabolic nitrogen exchange Hants CRC Press.

Cerebral Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy
Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Sargentoni, J., Mallalieu, R.J., Bell, J.D., Bryant, D.J., Coutts, G.A. and Morgan, M.Y. 1994. Cerebral Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 20 (5), pp. 1173-1178. doi:10.1002/hep.1840200511