Bottlenecks Blocking Use of Accessibility Instuments: Exploring Usability, Usefullness and Institutional Barriers

The changes of intergovernmental collaboration dynamic in post-disaster destination management: Network analysis
Wu, M., Gao, X., Cao, M., Papa, E. and Zhu, X. 2021. The changes of intergovernmental collaboration dynamic in post-disaster destination management: Network analysis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 48, p. 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.05.006

Have a Good Trip! Expanding our Concepts of the Quality of Everyday Travelling with Flow Theory
te Brömmelstroet, M., A. Nikolaeva, C. Cadima, Verlinghieri, E., Ferreira, A., M. Mladenovic, D. Milakis, J. de Abreu e Silva and Papa, E. 2021. Have a Good Trip! Expanding our Concepts of the Quality of Everyday Travelling with Flow Theory. Applied Mobilities. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23800127.2021.1912947

Transport and Mobility Planning
Papa, E. 2021. Transport and Mobility Planning. in: Parker, G. and Street E. (ed.) Contemporary Planning Practice: Skills, Specialisms and Knowledges UK Macmillan.

Large-scale enterprises, social capital and the post-disaster development of community tourism: The case of Taoping, China
Wu, M., Gao, X., Cao, M. and Papa, E. 2021. Large-scale enterprises, social capital and the post-disaster development of community tourism: The case of Taoping, China. International Journal of Tourism Research . 23 (5), pp. 757-769. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2439

Editorial: Special issue on ‘transport, gender, culture’
Pojani, D., Sagaris, L. and Papa, E. 2021. Editorial: Special issue on ‘transport, gender, culture’. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 144, pp. 34-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.12.002

Using accessibility metrics and tools to deliver sustainable mobility
Papa, E. 2020. Using accessibility metrics and tools to deliver sustainable mobility. in: Curtis, C. (ed.) Handbook of Sustainable Transport Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 323-333

Transport Access Manual: A Guide for Measuring Connection between People and Places
Papa, E. 2020. Transport Access Manual: A Guide for Measuring Connection between People and Places. Committee of the Transport Access Manual, University of Sydney.

Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles
Papa, E., Ferreira, A., Tan, W. and von Schönfeld, K.C. 2020. Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles. Urban Science. 4 (3) 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4030041

Re-enacting the mobility versus accessibility debate: Moving towards collaborative synergies among experts
Ferreira, A. and Papa, E. 2020. Re-enacting the mobility versus accessibility debate: Moving towards collaborative synergies among experts. Case Studies on Transport Policy. 8 (3), pp. 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.04.006

Would you ditch your car if public transport was free? Here’s what researchers have found
Papa, E. 2020. Would you ditch your car if public transport was free? Here’s what researchers have found. theconversation.com.

Could sleeper trains replace international air travel?
Papa, E. 2020. Could sleeper trains replace international air travel? theconversation.com.

Carbohydrate intake and ketosis in self-sufficient multi-stage ultramarathon runners
Edwards, K., Elliott, B. and Silva, C. 2020. Carbohydrate intake and ketosis in self-sufficient multi-stage ultramarathon runners. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38 (4), pp. 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1702269

Implementing transit oriented development in Greater London
Papa, E. 2019. Implementing transit oriented development in Greater London . in: Knowles, R.D. and Ferbrache, F. (ed.) Transit Oriented Development and Sustainable Cities Economics, Community and Methods Edward Elgar. pp. 186-197

The Learning Process of Accessibility Instrument Developers
Papa, E. and Coppola, P. 2019. The Learning Process of Accessibility Instrument Developers. in: Silva, C., Bertolini, L. and Pinto, N. (ed.) Designing Accessibility Instruments: Lessons on Their Usability for Integrated Land Use and Transport Planning Practices Abingdon, Oxon Routledge.

Accessibility: Operationalizing a Concept with Revelance for Planners
Bertolini, L., Hull, A., Papa, E., Silva, C. and Ruiz, R.A. 2019. Accessibility: Operationalizing a Concept with Revelance for Planners. in: Silva, C., Bertolini, L. and Pinto, N. (ed.) Designing Accessibility Instruments: Lessons on Their Usability for Integrated Land Use and Transport Planning Practices Abingdon, Oxon Routledge.

Accessibility: Operationalising a Concept With Relevance For Planners
Papa, E., Bertolini, L., Silva, C. and Hull, A. 2019. Accessibility: Operationalising a Concept With Relevance For Planners. in: Silva, C., Bertolini, L. and Pinto, N. (ed.) Designing accessibility instruments Routledge.

Understanding taxi travel demand patterns through Floating Car Data
Nuzzolo, A., Comi, A., Papa, E. and Polimeni, A. 2019. Understanding taxi travel demand patterns through Floating Car Data. in: Nathanail, E. and Karakikes, I.D. (ed.) Data analytics: Paving the way to sustainable urban mobility: Proceedings of 4th Conference on Sustainable Urban Mobility (CSUM2018), 24 - 25 May, Skiathos Island, Greece Springer. pp. 445-452

Measuring walking accessibility to public transport for the elderly: the case of Naples
Papa, E., Carpentieri, G. and Guida, C. 2018. Measuring walking accessibility to public transport for the elderly: the case of Naples. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. Special Issue 2.2018, pp. 105-116. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5766

Understanding taxi travel demand patterns through Floating Car Data
Nuzzolo, A., Comi, A., Papa, E. and Polimeni, A. 2018. Understanding taxi travel demand patterns through Floating Car Data. CSUM Conference of Sustainable Urban Mobility. Skiathos Island, Greece 24 - 25 May 2018

Il coinvolgimento alla base della mobilità sostenibile
Papa, E. 2018. Il coinvolgimento alla base della mobilità sostenibile. in: Mella, G. and Pentucci, P.P. (ed.) Mobilità urbana sostenibile: verso un nuovo paradigma Venezia Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina. pp. 62-87

Pianificare per l’accessibilità: misure, applicazioni e barriere
Papa, E. 2018. Pianificare per l’accessibilità: misure, applicazioni e barriere. in: Mobilità e sviluppo: Strumenti e competenze per il futuro della mobilità Milano Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.

A TOD Classification of Metro Stations: An Application in Naples
Papa, E., Carpentieri, G. and Angiello, G. 2018. A TOD Classification of Metro Stations: An Application in Naples. in: Papa R., Fistola R. and Gargiulo C. (ed.) Smart Planning: Sustainability and Mobility in the Age of Change Springer. pp. 285-300

Walkable cities: the study cases of London and Ghent
Papa, E. 2018. Walkable cities: the study cases of London and Ghent. Incontro nazionale sulla camminabilità urbana. Cagliari, Italy 18 - 19 Jan 2018

Classifying day and night station areas: application of the node-place model in Greater London
Papa, E. and Carpentieri, G. 2018. Classifying day and night station areas: application of the node-place model in Greater London . 50th Annual UTSG Conference - University Transport Study Group. London 03 - 05 Jan 2018

Sustainable Accessibility and the Implementation of Automated Vehicles: Identifying Critical Decisions
Papa, E. and Ferreira, A. 2018. Sustainable Accessibility and the Implementation of Automated Vehicles: Identifying Critical Decisions. Urban Science. 2 (1) 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2010005

Transit-Oriented Development scenario for the Metropolitan City of Naples, Salerno and Caserta
Papa, E. 2017. Transit-Oriented Development scenario for the Metropolitan City of Naples, Salerno and Caserta. in: Moccia, F.D. (ed.) Metropoli senz'auto: scenari territoriali e trasformazioni delle aree di stazione nell'area metropolitana di Napoli, Salerno e Caserta INU Edizioni. pp. 68-83

The Metropolitan City of Naples, Salerno and Caserta: Land Use, Mobility and Accessibility
Papa, E., Inglese, P. and Angiello, G. 2017. The Metropolitan City of Naples, Salerno and Caserta: Land Use, Mobility and Accessibility. in: Moccia, F.D. (ed.) Metropoli senz'auto: scenari territoriali e trasformazioni delle aree di stazione nell'area metropolitana di Napoli, Salerno e Caserta INU Edizioni. pp. 29-43

Automated transport and society. Identifying drawbacks, exploring possibilities
Papa, E., Ferreira, A. and Clark, C. 2017. Automated transport and society. Identifying drawbacks, exploring possibilities. 2017 Annual International Conference of the Royal Geographical Society. London 29 Aug - 01 Sep 2017 Royal Geographical Society.

Implementing Transit Oriented development - TOD in Greater London
Papa, E. 2017. Implementing Transit Oriented development - TOD in Greater London . 2017 Annual International Conference of the Royal Geographical Society. London 29 Aug - 01 Sep 2017

'Moving to Access' in Transport Planning: Identifying Barriers, Designing Strategies
Papa, E. and Ferreira, A. 2017. 'Moving to Access' in Transport Planning: Identifying Barriers, Designing Strategies. AESOP 2017 Association of European Schools of Planning. Lisbon 10 - 14 Jul 2017 Association of European Schools of Planning.

The Learning Experience of Transport Planners: An International Survey
Papa, E. 2017. The Learning Experience of Transport Planners: An International Survey. AESOP 2017 Association of European Schools of Planning. Lisbon 10 - 14 Jul 2017 Association of European Schools of Planning.

Una Finestra su: Tirana
Papa, E. and Pojani, D. 2017. Una Finestra su: Tirana. in: Papa, E. (ed.) Urbanistica Informazioni Vol. 267-268 INU Edizioni. pp. 53-58

The learning process of accessibility instrument developers: Testing the tools in planning practice
Papa, E., Coppola, P., Angiello, G. and Carpentieri, G. 2017. The learning process of accessibility instrument developers: Testing the tools in planning practice. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 104, pp. 108-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.03.010

Accessibility Instruments In Planning Practice: Bridging The Implementation Gap
Silva, C., te Brömmelstroet, M., Bertolini, L., Milakis D. and Papa, E. 2017. Accessibility Instruments In Planning Practice: Bridging The Implementation Gap. Transport Policy. 53, pp. 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.09.006

Infrastrutture di trasporto su ferro come elementi di riqualificazione delle periferie: due casi a confronto
Papa, E., Angiello, G. and Carpentieri, G. 2016. Infrastrutture di trasporto su ferro come elementi di riqualificazione delle periferie: due casi a confronto. Trasporti & Cultura. 45, pp. 25-33.

Una Finestra su: Berlino
Pidalà, A.M. and Papa, E. 2016. Una Finestra su: Berlino. in: Papa, E. (ed.) Urbanistica Informazioni, Vol. 266 Italy INU Edizioni. pp. 46-52

Una finestra su: Amsterdam
Savini, F. and Papa, E. 2016. Una finestra su: Amsterdam. in: Papa, E. (ed.) Urbanistica Informazioni, Vol. 265 INU Edizioni. pp. 64-69

Wind Resource Mapping Using Landscape Roughness and Spatial Interpolation Methods
van Acker, S., Van Eetvelde, G., Van Wyngene, K., Vandevelde, L. and Papa, E. 2016. Wind Resource Mapping Using Landscape Roughness and Spatial Interpolation Methods. in: Energy Policy and Climate Change MDPI. pp. 72-94

London finally gets its night tube – but is there a dark side to 24/7 transport?
Papa, E. 2016. London finally gets its night tube – but is there a dark side to 24/7 transport? The Conversation.

La mobilità alla scala metropolitana
Papa, E. 2016. La mobilità alla scala metropolitana . in: Lo stato della città. Napoli e la sua area metropolitana Monitor.

LUTI models, freight transport and freight facility location
Nuzzolo, A., Papa, E. and Comi, A. 2016. LUTI models, freight transport and freight facility location. in: dell'Olio, L., Ibeas, A. and Cordera, R. (ed.) Land use – Transport Interaction Models: The Transpace Model Santander, Spain CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 6-33

Accessibility instruments for planning practice: A review of European experiences
Papa, E., Silva, C., te Brömmelstroet, M. and Hull, A. 2016. Accessibility instruments for planning practice: A review of European experiences. Journal of Tranport and Land Use. 9 (3), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.585

Spatial, mobility and energy planning: a cross-sectorial and actor-relational approach
Papa, E. and Boelens, L. 2015. Spatial, mobility and energy planning: a cross-sectorial and actor-relational approach. 51st ISOCARP Congress 2015. Rotterdam, Netherlands Oct 2015

Lessons from Flanders: drivers & pitfalls of cooperation on a business park
Piccolo, G., Van Eetvelde, G. and Papa, E. 2015. Lessons from Flanders: drivers & pitfalls of cooperation on a business park. Bedrijventerrein. (1), pp. 36-39.

Smart mobility: Opportunity or threat to innovate places and cities
Papa, E. and Lauwers, D. 2015. Smart mobility: Opportunity or threat to innovate places and cities. 20th International Conference on Urban Planning and regional Development in the Information Society, Proceedings. Ghent, Belgium CORP – Competence Center of Urban and Regional Planning.

Wind resource mapping using landscape roughness and spatial interpolation methods
van Acker, S., Van Eetvelde, G., Papa, E., Van Wyngene, K. and Vandevelde, L. 2015. Wind resource mapping using landscape roughness and spatial interpolation methods. Energies. 8 (8), pp. 8682-8703. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8088682

Mobility Governance in Smart Cities of the Future
Papa, E. and Lauwers, D. 2015. Mobility Governance in Smart Cities of the Future. in: Boelens, L., Lauwers, D. and Witlox, F. (ed.) Adaptive Mobility: A new policy and research agenda on mobility in horizontal metropolis In-Planning. pp. 177-190

Interactions between space, mobility and energy : from a conceptual framework to an integrated research agenda
Papa, E., Boelens, L. and Van Eetvelde, G. 2015. Interactions between space, mobility and energy : from a conceptual framework to an integrated research agenda. AESOP Annual Congress. Prague, Czech Republic Jul 2015

Accessibility and Transit-Oriented Development in European metropolitan areas
Papa, E. and Bertolini, L. 2015. Accessibility and Transit-Oriented Development in European metropolitan areas. Journal of Transport Geography. 47 (July), pp. 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.07.003

The Naples JRN scientific training school STS 2012: COST Action1002
Papa, E. 2014. The Naples JRN scientific training school STS 2012: COST Action1002. in: Applying accessibility tools to address urban and transport planning Maggioli Editore. pp. 8-10

Testing a gravity-based accessibility instrument to engage stakeholders into integrated LUT planning
Papa, E., Coppola, P., Angiello, G. and Carpentieri, G. 2014. Testing a gravity-based accessibility instrument to engage stakeholders into integrated LUT planning. Joint Conference CITTA 7th Annual Conference COST TU1002 Final Conference. Oporto 2014 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5188.6487

Urban Form and Sustainability: Modelling Evidences From the Empirical Case Study of Rome
Nuzzolo, A., Coppola, P. and Papa, E. 2014. Urban Form and Sustainability: Modelling Evidences From the Empirical Case Study of Rome. European Transport Conference 2014. 2014

Windkracht 13 : het potentieel van kleine en middelgrote windturbines in kaart gebracht
Van Wyngene, K., van Acker, S., Gillaerts, S., Papa, E., Vandevelde, L. and Van Eetvelde, G. 2014. Windkracht 13 : het potentieel van kleine en middelgrote windturbines in kaart gebracht. ECOTIPS: Environment & Technologie. 19 (5), pp. 16-19.

Marginal Activity Access Cost (MAAC): a new indicator for sustainable Land Use/Transport (LUT) planning
Nuzzolo, A., Coppola, P. and Papa, E. 2014. Marginal Activity Access Cost (MAAC): a new indicator for sustainable Land Use/Transport (LUT) planning. PROCEDIA: SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. 111, pp. 450-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.078

Visualising accessibility: an interactive tool and two applications to empirical case studies of urban development and public engagement
Coppola, P., Pensa, S., Masala, E., Tabasso, M. and Papa, E. 2014. Visualising accessibility: an interactive tool and two applications to empirical case studies of urban development and public engagement. European Transport Conference. Frankfurt, Germany 29 Sep 2014 Association for European Transport.

Urban form and sustainability : the case study of Rome
Coppola, P., Angiello, G., Carpentieri, G. and Papa, E. 2014. Urban form and sustainability : the case study of Rome. PROCEDIA: SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. 160, pp. 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.169

Gravity-Based Accessibility Measures (GRAbaM) for sustainable development of Rome urban area
Coppola, P., Papa, E. and Angiello, G. 2014. Gravity-Based Accessibility Measures (GRAbaM) for sustainable development of Rome urban area. in: te Brömmelstroet, M., Silva, C. and Bertolini, L. (ed.) COST Action TU1002 – Assessing usability of accessibility instruments Bruxelles COST Office. pp. 65-72

Simulating the effects of shopping attitudes on urban goods distribution
Nuzzolo, A., Comi, A. and Papa, E. 2014. Simulating the effects of shopping attitudes on urban goods distribution. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 111, pp. 370-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.070

Accessibility Planning tools for sustainable and integrated Land Use/Transport (LUT) development: an application to Rome
Coppola, P. and Papa, E. 2013. Accessibility Planning tools for sustainable and integrated Land Use/Transport (LUT) development: an application to Rome. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 87, pp. 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.599

An accessibility planning tool for network transit oriented development : SNAP
Papa, E., Moccia, F.D., Angiello, G. and Inglese, P. 2013. An accessibility planning tool for network transit oriented development : SNAP. Planum. The Journal of Urbanism. 2 (27), pp. 1-9.

Activity location and mobility costs
Nuzzolo, A., Coppola, P. and Papa, E. 2012. Activity location and mobility costs. XIX Convegno annuale seminario scientifico Società Italiana Docenti di Trasporto. Padova 2012

Accessibility Instrument Survey
Hull, A., Papa, E., Silva, C. and Joutsiniemi, A. 2012. Accessibility Instrument Survey. in: Hull, A., Silva, C. and Bertolini, L. (ed.) Accessibility Instruments for Planning Practice Cost Action TU1002. pp. 205-237

Densificare le aree metropolitane? Le frange urbane come città potenziali.Infrastrutture tra densità e dispersione nel sistema territoriale tra Nola e Napoli
Papa, E., Guida, G. and Russo, M. 2011. Densificare le aree metropolitane? Le frange urbane come città potenziali.Infrastrutture tra densità e dispersione nel sistema territoriale tra Nola e Napoli. in: Middlecities Città medie oltre il policentrismo LiSt Lab. pp. 175-183

The river solofrana bicycle network: a project of green mobility
Papa, E., Carpentieri, G. and Santarpia, S. 2011. The river solofrana bicycle network: a project of green mobility. TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 4 (2), pp. 111-116. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/445

Urban rail systems investments: an analysis of the impacts on property values and residents’ location
Pagliara, F. and Papa, E. 2011. Urban rail systems investments: an analysis of the impacts on property values and residents’ location. Journal of Transport Geography. 19 (2), pp. 200-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.02.006

Uso del suolo e accessi in stazione: un’analisi di regressione multipla per la rete metropolitana di Napoli
Papa, E. 2010. Uso del suolo e accessi in stazione: un’analisi di regressione multipla per la rete metropolitana di Napoli. in: Informatica e Pianificazione Urbana e Territoriale Casa Editrice Libria. pp. 97-108

Politiche della mobilità ed aree urbane
Papa, E. 2010. Politiche della mobilità ed aree urbane. Trasporti & Cultura. 27-28, p. 125.

Grandi eventi e soluzioni innovative per la mobilità urbana: un secolo di Expo
Papa, E. 2010. Grandi eventi e soluzioni innovative per la mobilità urbana: un secolo di Expo. Trasporti & Cultura. 27-28, pp. 98-107.

Il Temporal GIS di Bagnoli: uno strumento innovativo per la gestione delle aree dismesse
Papa, E. 2009. Il Temporal GIS di Bagnoli: uno strumento innovativo per la gestione delle aree dismesse. in: GIS Teoria ed Applicazioni per la pianificazione e la protezione della città Gangemi Editore. pp. 189-201

I piani settoriali a scala urbana
Papa, E. and Galderisi, A. 2009. I piani settoriali a scala urbana. in: Il governo delle trasformazioni urbane e territoriali. Metodi, tecniche e strumenti FrancoAngeli. pp. 329-347

I piani settoriali a scala territoriale
Papa, E. and Mazzeo, G. 2009. I piani settoriali a scala territoriale. in: Il governo delle trasformazioni urbane e territoriali. Metodi, tecniche e strumenti FrancoAngeli. pp. 293-309

The Metropolitan Transport Plan of MTB
Papa, E. 2009. The Metropolitan Transport Plan of MTB. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 2 (4), pp. 51-58. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/104

Parking system and sustainable mobility: the Case of Bari
Papa, E. 2009. Parking system and sustainable mobility: the Case of Bari. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 2 (1), pp. 49-56. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/182

Sea transport services in Italy
Papa, E. 2009. Sea transport services in Italy. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 2 (3), pp. 53-58. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/88

The metropolitan rail system of Naples: land-use impacts
Pagliara, F., Papa, E. and Ferrante, G. 2009. The metropolitan rail system of Naples: land-use impacts. Ingegneria Ferroviaria. 3, pp. 247-258.

Mega Events and innovative mobility system: the Expo transport lessons
Papa, E. 2008. Mega Events and innovative mobility system: the Expo transport lessons. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 1 (2), pp. 47-56. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/35

Cities go at high speed
Papa, E. 2008. Cities go at high speed. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 1 (1), pp. 5-10. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/10

Transit Oriented Development: a Solution for Station Area planning
Papa, E. 2007. Transit Oriented Development: a Solution for Station Area planning. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 1, pp. 15-21. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/187

Il governo integrato delle trasformazioni urbane e delle infrastrutture di trasporto
Papa, E. and Pagliara, F. 2006. Il governo integrato delle trasformazioni urbane e delle infrastrutture di trasporto. XXVII Conferenza Italiana di Scienze Regionali AISRe. Pisa 2006

Housing market trend and rail transport investments in the city of Naples
Papa, E., Trifiletti, E.G. and Pagliara, F. 2006. Housing market trend and rail transport investments in the city of Naples. XXXIV IAHS World Congress on Housing Sustainable Housing Design. Naples, Italy Sep 2006

Transit infrastructures and urban housing design: examples of integrated projects in Europe
Papa, E. and Trifiletti, E.G. 2006. Transit infrastructures and urban housing design: examples of integrated projects in Europe. XXXIV IAHS World Congress on Housing Sustainable Housing Design. Naples, Italy 2006

Urban transformations and rail stations system - the study case of Naples
Papa, E. 2005. Urban transformations and rail stations system - the study case of Naples. 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Aug 2005 ERSA.