Teixera, J. F., Silva, C., Seisenberger, S., Büttner, B., McCormick, B, Papa, E. and Cao, M. 2024. Classifying 15-minute Cities: A review of worldwide practices. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 189 104234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104234
| Title | Classifying 15-minute Cities: A review of worldwide practices |
|---|---|
| Type | Journal article |
| Authors | Teixera, J. F., Silva, C., Seisenberger, S., Büttner, B., McCormick, B, Papa, E. and Cao, M. |
| Abstract | Amongst the most popular alternatives to the current car-dominant planning model to have emerged in recent times is the 15-minute City (15mC). The 15mC prioritises the notion of local living. It seeks to address the pressing challenges of urban life by promoting lifestyles largely independent of motorised travel modes by focusing on active mobility and proximity to essential amenities. Despite the popularity of this concept, a knowledge gap exists regarding the diverse range of international practical definitions, strategies, instruments, and implementation experiences, as well as the requirements for and challenges involved in operationalising the 15mC and related concepts. Consequently, this paper seeks to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of 15-minute cities and associated practices worldwide by combining an extensive literature review of both academic and grey literature sources with an expert survey. This culminates in the creation of a classification typology for the 15mC, based on the diversity of contexts and practices found and informed by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI). Almost one hundred cities were identified as either in the process of implementing or planning to implement the 15mC concept. A diverse assortment of associated practices was identified, ranging from supporting active mobility to repurposing car space for other uses, promoting mixed land use and densification, and encouraging citizen engagement, among others. However, most cities are in the initial stages of executing their 15mC strategies, with the majority of practices still in the planning phase. Although cities worldwide have shown considerable interest in the 15mC concept, many have yet to embark on adopting comprehensive strategies or measures aimed at achieving more radical change, notably in areas such as logistics and governance. |
| Keywords | 15-minute City |
| Sustainable neighbourhood development | |
| Urban planning | |
| Proximity | |
| State-of-the-art | |
| Classification typology | |
| Article number | 104234 |
| Journal | Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice |
| Journal citation | 189 |
| ISSN | 0965-8564 |
| Year | 2024 |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Publisher's version | License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 File Access Level Open (open metadata and files) |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104234 |
| Web address (URL) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856424002829 |
| Publication dates | |
| Published | 01 Sep 2024 |
| Published | Nov 2024 |
| Project | Driving Urban Transitions Partnership (DUT) – Mapping of 15-minute City practice |
| Funder | DUT Driving Urban Transition |
Bologna’s "proximity ecosystems"
Papa, E., Büttner, B., Seisenberger S. and Cao, M. 2024. Bologna’s "proximity ecosystems". in: Moreno, C. (ed.) Italy In Proximity: The Future of Urban and Territorial Planning CNAPPC Scientific Committee.
Navigating the 15-minute City First Learnings and Discussions from the Driving Urban Transitions Partnership
Papa, E. 2024. Navigating the 15-minute City First Learnings and Discussions from the Driving Urban Transitions Partnership. DUT Driving Urban Transition.
Research Perspective Contribution from the ACUTE Knowledge Hub
Alain L'Hostis, Ndèye Aïta Cissé, Maxime Hachette, Enrica Papa and Sylvain Petitet 2024. Research Perspective Contribution from the ACUTE Knowledge Hub. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11163629
Car Dependency and Urban Form
Kobe Boussauw, Enrica Papa and Koos Fransen 2023. Car Dependency and Urban Form. Urban Planning. 8 (3). https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v8i3.7260
Street space experiments: tensions for just transitions towards post-car cities
Smeds, E. and Papa, E. 2022. Street space experiments: tensions for just transitions towards post-car cities. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting 2022. Online 25 Feb - 01 Mar 2022
The changes of intergovernmental collaboration dynamic in post-disaster destination management: Network analysis
Wu, M., Gao, X., Cao, M., Papa, E. and Zhu, X. 2021. The changes of intergovernmental collaboration dynamic in post-disaster destination management: Network analysis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 48, p. 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.05.006
Have a Good Trip! Expanding our Concepts of the Quality of Everyday Travelling with Flow Theory
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Transport and Mobility Planning
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Large-scale enterprises, social capital and the post-disaster development of community tourism: The case of Taoping, China
Wu, M., Gao, X., Cao, M. and Papa, E. 2021. Large-scale enterprises, social capital and the post-disaster development of community tourism: The case of Taoping, China. International Journal of Tourism Research . 23 (5), pp. 757-769. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2439
Editorial: Special issue on ‘transport, gender, culture’
Pojani, D., Sagaris, L. and Papa, E. 2021. Editorial: Special issue on ‘transport, gender, culture’. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 144, pp. 34-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.12.002
Using accessibility metrics and tools to deliver sustainable mobility
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Transport Access Manual: A Guide for Measuring Connection between People and Places
Papa, E. 2020. Transport Access Manual: A Guide for Measuring Connection between People and Places. Committee of the Transport Access Manual, University of Sydney.
Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles
Papa, E., Ferreira, A., Tan, W. and von Schönfeld, K.C. 2020. Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles. Urban Science. 4 (3) 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4030041
Re-enacting the mobility versus accessibility debate: Moving towards collaborative synergies among experts
Ferreira, A. and Papa, E. 2020. Re-enacting the mobility versus accessibility debate: Moving towards collaborative synergies among experts. Case Studies on Transport Policy. 8 (3), pp. 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.04.006
Would you ditch your car if public transport was free? Here’s what researchers have found
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Could sleeper trains replace international air travel?
Papa, E. 2020. Could sleeper trains replace international air travel? theconversation.com.
Carbohydrate intake and ketosis in self-sufficient multi-stage ultramarathon runners
Edwards, K., Elliott, B. and Silva, C. 2020. Carbohydrate intake and ketosis in self-sufficient multi-stage ultramarathon runners. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38 (4), pp. 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1702269
Implementing transit oriented development in Greater London
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Bottlenecks Blocking Use of Accessibility Instuments: Exploring Usability, Usefullness and Institutional Barriers
te Brömmelstroet, M., Silva, C., Milakis, D. and Papa, E. 2019. Bottlenecks Blocking Use of Accessibility Instuments: Exploring Usability, Usefullness and Institutional Barriers. in: Silva, C., Bertolini, L. and Pinto, N. (ed.) Designing accessibility instruments Abingdon, Oxon Routledge.
The Learning Process of Accessibility Instrument Developers
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Accessibility: Operationalizing a Concept with Revelance for Planners
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Understanding taxi travel demand patterns through Floating Car Data
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Measuring walking accessibility to public transport for the elderly: the case of Naples
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Understanding taxi travel demand patterns through Floating Car Data
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Il coinvolgimento alla base della mobilità sostenibile
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A TOD Classification of Metro Stations: An Application in Naples
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Walkable cities: the study cases of London and Ghent
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Classifying day and night station areas: application of the node-place model in Greater London
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Sustainable Accessibility and the Implementation of Automated Vehicles: Identifying Critical Decisions
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Transit-Oriented Development scenario for the Metropolitan City of Naples, Salerno and Caserta
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The Metropolitan City of Naples, Salerno and Caserta: Land Use, Mobility and Accessibility
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Automated transport and society. Identifying drawbacks, exploring possibilities
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Implementing Transit Oriented development - TOD in Greater London
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'Moving to Access' in Transport Planning: Identifying Barriers, Designing Strategies
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The Learning Experience of Transport Planners: An International Survey
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Una Finestra su: Tirana
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The learning process of accessibility instrument developers: Testing the tools in planning practice
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Accessibility Instruments In Planning Practice: Bridging The Implementation Gap
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Infrastrutture di trasporto su ferro come elementi di riqualificazione delle periferie: due casi a confronto
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Una Finestra su: Berlino
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Una finestra su: Amsterdam
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Wind Resource Mapping Using Landscape Roughness and Spatial Interpolation Methods
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London finally gets its night tube – but is there a dark side to 24/7 transport?
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La mobilità alla scala metropolitana
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LUTI models, freight transport and freight facility location
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Accessibility instruments for planning practice: A review of European experiences
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Spatial, mobility and energy planning: a cross-sectorial and actor-relational approach
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Lessons from Flanders: drivers & pitfalls of cooperation on a business park
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Smart mobility: Opportunity or threat to innovate places and cities
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Wind resource mapping using landscape roughness and spatial interpolation methods
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Mobility Governance in Smart Cities of the Future
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Interactions between space, mobility and energy : from a conceptual framework to an integrated research agenda
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Accessibility and Transit-Oriented Development in European metropolitan areas
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The Naples JRN scientific training school STS 2012: COST Action1002
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Testing a gravity-based accessibility instrument to engage stakeholders into integrated LUT planning
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Urban Form and Sustainability: Modelling Evidences From the Empirical Case Study of Rome
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Windkracht 13 : het potentieel van kleine en middelgrote windturbines in kaart gebracht
Van Wyngene, K., van Acker, S., Gillaerts, S., Papa, E., Vandevelde, L. and Van Eetvelde, G. 2014. Windkracht 13 : het potentieel van kleine en middelgrote windturbines in kaart gebracht. ECOTIPS: Environment & Technologie. 19 (5), pp. 16-19.
Marginal Activity Access Cost (MAAC): a new indicator for sustainable Land Use/Transport (LUT) planning
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Visualising accessibility: an interactive tool and two applications to empirical case studies of urban development and public engagement
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Urban form and sustainability: the case study of Rome
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Gravity-Based Accessibility Measures (GRAbaM) for sustainable development of Rome urban area
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Simulating the Effects of Shopping Attitudes on Urban Goods Distribution
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Accessibility Planning tools for sustainable and integrated Land Use/Transport (LUT) development: an application to Rome
Coppola, P. and Papa, E. 2013. Accessibility Planning tools for sustainable and integrated Land Use/Transport (LUT) development: an application to Rome. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 87, pp. 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.599
An accessibility planning tool for network transit oriented development : SNAP
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Activity location and mobility costs
Nuzzolo, A., Coppola, P. and Papa, E. 2012. Activity location and mobility costs. XIX Convegno annuale seminario scientifico Società Italiana Docenti di Trasporto. Padova 2012
Accessibility Instrument Survey
Hull, A., Papa, E., Silva, C. and Joutsiniemi, A. 2012. Accessibility Instrument Survey. in: Hull, A., Silva, C. and Bertolini, L. (ed.) Accessibility Instruments for Planning Practice Cost Action TU1002. pp. 205-237
Il ruolo della politica nella pianificazione strategica: l'esperienza di Metropoli Terra di Bari
Papa, Enrica 2011. Il ruolo della politica nella pianificazione strategica: l'esperienza di Metropoli Terra di Bari. in: Moccia, Francesco Domenico (ed.) Urbanistica e politica Napoli, Italy Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.
Densificare le aree metropolitane? Le frange urbane come città potenziali.Infrastrutture tra densità e dispersione nel sistema territoriale tra Nola e Napoli
Papa, E., Guida, G. and Russo, M. 2011. Densificare le aree metropolitane? Le frange urbane come città potenziali.Infrastrutture tra densità e dispersione nel sistema territoriale tra Nola e Napoli. in: Middlecities Città medie oltre il policentrismo LiSt Lab. pp. 175-183
The river solofrana bicycle network: a project of green mobility
Papa, E., Carpentieri, G. and Santarpia, S. 2011. The river solofrana bicycle network: a project of green mobility. TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 4 (2), pp. 111-116. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/445
Urban rail systems investments: an analysis of the impacts on property values and residents’ location
Pagliara, F. and Papa, E. 2011. Urban rail systems investments: an analysis of the impacts on property values and residents’ location. Journal of Transport Geography. 19 (2), pp. 200-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.02.006
Uso del suolo e accessi in stazione: un’analisi di regressione multipla per la rete metropolitana di Napoli
Papa, E. 2010. Uso del suolo e accessi in stazione: un’analisi di regressione multipla per la rete metropolitana di Napoli. in: Informatica e Pianificazione Urbana e Territoriale Casa Editrice Libria. pp. 97-108
Politiche della mobilità ed aree urbane
Papa, E. 2010. Politiche della mobilità ed aree urbane. Trasporti & Cultura. 27-28, p. 125.
Grandi eventi e soluzioni innovative per la mobilità urbana: un secolo di Expo
Papa, E. 2010. Grandi eventi e soluzioni innovative per la mobilità urbana: un secolo di Expo. Trasporti & Cultura. 27-28, pp. 98-107.
Il Temporal GIS di Bagnoli: uno strumento innovativo per la gestione delle aree dismesse
Papa, E. 2009. Il Temporal GIS di Bagnoli: uno strumento innovativo per la gestione delle aree dismesse. in: GIS Teoria ed Applicazioni per la pianificazione e la protezione della città Gangemi Editore. pp. 189-201
I piani settoriali a scala urbana
Papa, E. and Galderisi, A. 2009. I piani settoriali a scala urbana. in: Il governo delle trasformazioni urbane e territoriali. Metodi, tecniche e strumenti FrancoAngeli. pp. 329-347
I piani settoriali a scala territoriale
Papa, E. and Mazzeo, G. 2009. I piani settoriali a scala territoriale. in: Il governo delle trasformazioni urbane e territoriali. Metodi, tecniche e strumenti FrancoAngeli. pp. 293-309
The Metropolitan Transport Plan of MTB
Papa, E. 2009. The Metropolitan Transport Plan of MTB. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 2 (4), pp. 51-58. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/104
Parking system and sustainable mobility: the Case of Bari
Papa, E. 2009. Parking system and sustainable mobility: the Case of Bari. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 2 (1), pp. 49-56. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/182
Sea transport services in Italy
Papa, E. 2009. Sea transport services in Italy. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 2 (3), pp. 53-58. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/88
The metropolitan rail system of Naples: land-use impacts
Pagliara, F., Papa, E. and Ferrante, G. 2009. The metropolitan rail system of Naples: land-use impacts. Ingegneria Ferroviaria. 3, pp. 247-258.
Mega Events and innovative mobility system: the Expo transport lessons
Papa, E. 2008. Mega Events and innovative mobility system: the Expo transport lessons. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 1 (2), pp. 47-56. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/35
Cities go at high speed
Papa, E. 2008. Cities go at high speed. TeMA: Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 1 (1), pp. 5-10. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/10
Transit Oriented Development: a Solution for Station Area planning
Papa, E. 2007. Transit Oriented Development: a Solution for Station Area planning. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 1, pp. 15-21. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/187
Il governo integrato delle trasformazioni urbane e delle infrastrutture di trasporto
Papa, E. and Pagliara, F. 2006. Il governo integrato delle trasformazioni urbane e delle infrastrutture di trasporto. XXVII Conferenza Italiana di Scienze Regionali AISRe. Pisa 2006
Housing market trend and rail transport investments in the city of Naples
Papa, E., Trifiletti, E.G. and Pagliara, F. 2006. Housing market trend and rail transport investments in the city of Naples. XXXIV IAHS World Congress on Housing Sustainable Housing Design. Naples, Italy Sep 2006
Transit infrastructures and urban housing design: examples of integrated projects in Europe
Papa, E. and Trifiletti, E.G. 2006. Transit infrastructures and urban housing design: examples of integrated projects in Europe. XXXIV IAHS World Congress on Housing Sustainable Housing Design. Naples, Italy 2006
Urban transformations and rail stations system - the study case of Naples
Papa, E. 2005. Urban transformations and rail stations system - the study case of Naples. 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Aug 2005 ERSA.
Mapping of 15-minute City Practices Overview on strategies, policies and implementation in Europe and beyond
Büttner, B., Seisenberger, S., McCormick, B., Silva, C., Papa, E., Cao, M. and Teixeira, J.F. 2004. Mapping of 15-minute City Practices Overview on strategies, policies and implementation in Europe and beyond. DUT Driving Urban Transition.
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