Recycling and the Environment: a Comparative Review Between Mineral-based Plastics and Bioplastics

Aziz, Z., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2020. Recycling and the Environment: a Comparative Review Between Mineral-based Plastics and Bioplastics. Chemical Engineering Transactions. 79, pp. 355-360. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2079060

TitleRecycling and the Environment: a Comparative Review Between Mineral-based Plastics and Bioplastics
TypeJournal article
AuthorsAziz, Z., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G.
Abstract

Since their conception in the 1950s, mineral-based plastics have completely revolutionised our society with production reaching record highs year upon year. This cheap, and durable material has seen usage across a plethora of diverse industries and products, replacing traditional materials such as metals and wood. However, our reliance on mineral-based plastics has led to their improper disposal across the global, affecting our environments and ecosystems. As a response, different methods have been developed to help dispose of the large amounts of plastic waste produced, such as incineration or dumping in landfill sites, but these methods are not without their drawbacks including release of toxic substances into the air and leachate into the soil and waters respectively. Consequently, much interest is generated and channelled in recent years to the introduction of several types of biopolymers. These include plastics based on cellulosic esters, starch derivatives, polyhydroxybutyrate and polylactic acid. These biopolymers have been viewed as a suitable replacement for mineral-based plastics, and their production a good strategy towards sustainable development as they are mainly composed of biocompounds such as starch, cellulose and sugars. This short review article provides an overview as to whether biopolymers can rival mineral-based plastics considering properties such as mechanical strength, Young’s modulus and crystallinity and could they be regarded as a suitable material to reduce our reliance on mineral-based plastics, whilst simultaneously reducing non-renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.

JournalChemical Engineering Transactions
Journal citation79, pp. 355-360
ISSN2283-9216
Year2020
PublisherItalian Association of Chemical Engineering
Accepted author manuscript
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Publisher's version
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2079060
Publication dates
Published01 Apr 2020

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Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Locke, I.C., Tron, T. and Keshavarz, T. 2015. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-ethyl cellulose based bio-composites with novel characteristics for infection free wound healing application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 81, pp. 552-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.040

Development of novel antibacterial active, HaCaT biocompatible and biodegradable CA-g-P(3HB)-EC biocomposites with caffeic acid as a functional entity
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Locke, I.C., Tron, T. and Keshavarz, T. 2015. Development of novel antibacterial active, HaCaT biocompatible and biodegradable CA-g-P(3HB)-EC biocomposites with caffeic acid as a functional entity. eXPRESS Polymer Letters. 9 (9), p. 764–772. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.72

Dual production of biopolymers from bacteria
Sukan, A., Roy, I. and Keshavarz, T. 2015. Dual production of biopolymers from bacteria. Carbohydrate Polymers. 126, pp. 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.001

Development of bio-composites with novel characteristics: Evaluation of phenol-induced antibacterial, biocompatible and biodegradable behaviours
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Locke, I.C., Tron, T. and Keshavarz, T. 2015. Development of bio-composites with novel characteristics: Evaluation of phenol-induced antibacterial, biocompatible and biodegradable behaviours. Carbohydrate Polymers. 131, pp. 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.046

In-situ development of self-defensive antibacterial biomaterials: phenol-g-keratin-EC based bio-composites with characteristics for biomedical applications
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Locke, I.C., Tron, T. and Keshavarz, T. 2015. In-situ development of self-defensive antibacterial biomaterials: phenol-g-keratin-EC based bio-composites with characteristics for biomedical applications. Green Chemistry. 17 (7), pp. 3858-3869. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC00715A

Laccase-assisted approach to graft multifunctional materials of interest: keratin-EC based novel composites and their characterisation
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Keshavarz, T. and Tron, T. 2015. Laccase-assisted approach to graft multifunctional materials of interest: keratin-EC based novel composites and their characterisation. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 300 (7), pp. 712-720. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201500003

The effect of salinity, redox mediators and temperature on anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in microbial fuel cells
Adelaja, O., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2015. The effect of salinity, redox mediators and temperature on anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in microbial fuel cells. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 283, pp. 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.066

Agro-Industrial Waste Materials as Substrates for the Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid)
Sukan, A., Roy, I. and Keshavarz, T. 2014. Agro-Industrial Waste Materials as Substrates for the Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid). Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology. 5 (4), pp. 229-240. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2014.54027

Synthesis and characterisation of novel keratin-cellulose based graft composites
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Keshavarz, T. and Tron, T. 2014. Synthesis and characterisation of novel keratin-cellulose based graft composites. University of Westminster Faculty of Science and Technology Postgraduate Fair. University of Westminster, London, UK 29 Apr 2014

Enzymatic grafting: A novel approach to develop multifunctional materials of interest
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Keshavarz, T. and Tron, T. 2014. Enzymatic grafting: A novel approach to develop multifunctional materials of interest. 8th International Conference on Energy, Materials and Nanotechnology. Florida, USA 25 Nov 2014

Biocatalysis for bioelectricity production. Keynote guest lecture presented at the New Horizons in Biocatalysis for Biomaterials Workshop for early career researchers holding a PhD
Kyazze, G. 2014. Biocatalysis for bioelectricity production. Keynote guest lecture presented at the New Horizons in Biocatalysis for Biomaterials Workshop for early career researchers holding a PhD. New Horizons in Biocatalysis for Biomaterials Workshop. Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Turkey 8-12th April 2014

Fermentation (industrial): control of fermentation conditions
Keshavarz, T. 2014. Fermentation (industrial): control of fermentation conditions. in: Batt, C.A. and Tortorello, M.L. (ed.) Encyclopedia of food microbiology, 2nd ed., vol. 1 Academic Press. pp. 762-768

“One-pot” synthesis and characterisation of novel P(3HB)-ethyl cellulose based graft composites through lipase catalysed esterification
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Tron, T. and Keshavarz, T. 2014. “One-pot” synthesis and characterisation of novel P(3HB)-ethyl cellulose based graft composites through lipase catalysed esterification. Polymer Chemistry. 24, pp. 7004-7012. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4PY00857J

Complete degradation of the azo dye Acid Orange-7 and bioelectricity generation in an integrated microbial fuel cell, aerobic two-stage bioreactor system in continuous flow mode at ambient temperature
Fernando, E., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2014. Complete degradation of the azo dye Acid Orange-7 and bioelectricity generation in an integrated microbial fuel cell, aerobic two-stage bioreactor system in continuous flow mode at ambient temperature. Bioresource Technology. 156, pp. 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.036

Enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene using different inoculum types in a microbial fuel cell
Adelaja, O., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2014. Enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene using different inoculum types in a microbial fuel cell. Engineering in Life Sciences. 14 (2), pp. 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201300089

Microbial metabolism of quorum-sensing molecules acyl-homoserine lactones, γ-heptalactone and other lactones
Safari, M., Amache, R., Esmaeilishirazifard, E. and Keshavarz, T. 2014. Microbial metabolism of quorum-sensing molecules acyl-homoserine lactones, γ-heptalactone and other lactones. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 98 (8), pp. 3401-3412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5518-9

External resistance as a potential tool for influencing azo dye reductive decolourisation kinetics in microbial fuel cells
Fernando, E., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2014. External resistance as a potential tool for influencing azo dye reductive decolourisation kinetics in microbial fuel cells. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 89, pp. 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.12.011

Effect of hydraulic retention time on the performance of a novel tubular MFC fed with petroleum hydrocarbons
Adelaja, O., Kyazze, G. and Keshavarz, T. 2014. Effect of hydraulic retention time on the performance of a novel tubular MFC fed with petroleum hydrocarbons. New Biotechnology. 31, p. S98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.1845

A preliminary study on the development and characterisation of enzymatically grafted P(3HB)-ethyl cellulose based novel composites
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Tron, T. and Keshavarz, T. 2014. A preliminary study on the development and characterisation of enzymatically grafted P(3HB)-ethyl cellulose based novel composites. Cellulose. 21 (5), pp. 3613-3621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0337-9

Laccase-assisted grafting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) onto the bacterial cellulose as backbone polymer: development and characterisation
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Tron, T. and Keshavarz, T. 2014. Laccase-assisted grafting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) onto the bacterial cellulose as backbone polymer: development and characterisation. Carbohydrate Polymers. 113, pp. 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.003

Evidence for the involvement of intracellular Ca 2+ ions in the elicitation mechanism of Bacillus Licheniformis
Reffatti, P., Roy, I., Odell, M. and Keshavarz, T. 2013. Evidence for the involvement of intracellular Ca 2+ ions in the elicitation mechanism of Bacillus Licheniformis. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. OnlineFirst. https://doi.org/10.1159/000351515

Advances in the valorization of lignocellulosic materials by biotechnology: an overview
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G. and Keshavarz, T. 2013. Advances in the valorization of lignocellulosic materials by biotechnology: an overview. BioResources. 8 (2), pp. 3157-3176. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.2.3157-3176

Advances in PHAs Production
Amache, R., Sukan, A., Safari, M., Roy, I. and Keshavarz, T. 2013. Advances in PHAs Production . Chemical Engineering Transactions. 32, pp. 931-936. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1332156

Laccase-assisted bio-grafting of polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHAs) onto the ethyl cellulose (EC) backbone
Iqbal, H.M.N., Kyazze, G., Keshavarz, T. and Tron, T. 2013. Laccase-assisted bio-grafting of polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHAs) onto the ethyl cellulose (EC) backbone. University of Westminster Faculty of Science and Technology Postgraduate Fair. University of Westminster, London, UK 25 Apr 2013

Integration of biohydrogen, biomethane and bioelectrochemical systems
Premier, G.C., Kim, J.R., Massanet-Nicolau, S., Kyazze, G., Esteves, S., Penumathsa, B.K.V., Rodríguez, J., Maddy, J., Dinsdale, R.M. and Guwy, A.J. 2013. Integration of biohydrogen, biomethane and bioelectrochemical systems. Renewable Energy. 49, pp. 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.035

Simultaneous co-metabolic decolourisation of azo dye mixtures and bio-electricity generation under thermophillic (50°C) and saline conditions by an adapted anaerobic mixed culture in microbial fuel cells
Fernando, E., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2013. Simultaneous co-metabolic decolourisation of azo dye mixtures and bio-electricity generation under thermophillic (50°C) and saline conditions by an adapted anaerobic mixed culture in microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology. 127, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.065

Novel Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends for medical applications
Basnett, P., Ching, K.Y., Stolz, M., Knowles, J.C., Boccaccini, A.R., Smith, C.L., Locke, I.C., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2013. Novel Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends for medical applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 73 (10), pp. 1340-1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.03.019

Novel methods for the quantification of changes in actin organization in chondrocytes using fluorescent imaging and linear profiling
Qusous, A., Parker, E., Geewan, C., Kapasi, A., Getting, S.J., Hucklebridge, F., Keshavarz, T. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2012. Novel methods for the quantification of changes in actin organization in chondrocytes using fluorescent imaging and linear profiling. Microscopy Research and Technique. 75 (7), pp. 991-999. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.22055

Is quorum sensing involved in lovastatin production in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus?
Raina, S., De Vizio, D., Palonen, E.K., Odell, M., Brandt, A.M., Soini, J.T. and Keshavarz, T. 2012. Is quorum sensing involved in lovastatin production in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus? Process Biochemistry. 47 (5), pp. 843-852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2012.02.021

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by Bacillus cereus SPV using sugarcane molasses as the main carbon source
Akaraonye, E., Moreno, C., Knowles, J.C., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2012. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by Bacillus cereus SPV using sugarcane molasses as the main carbon source. Biotechnology Journal. 7 (2), pp. 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100122

Simultaneous co-metabolic azo dye decolourisation and bio-electricity generation in microbial fuel cells
Fernando, E., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2012. Simultaneous co-metabolic azo dye decolourisation and bio-electricity generation in microbial fuel cells. Electron transfer at the microbe-mineral interface. University of East Anglia 02 - 04 Apr 2012 The Biochemical Society.

Phenanthrene degradation and concomitant electricity generation using a bioelectrochemical process
Adelaja, O., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2012. Phenanthrene degradation and concomitant electricity generation using a bioelectrochemical process . Electrochem 2012 - Electrochemical Horizons. Dublin 02 - 04 Sep 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry.

γ-Heptalactone is an endogenously produced quorum-sensing molecule regulating growth and secondary metabolite production by Aspergillus nidulans
Williams, H.E., Steele, J.C.P., Clements, M.O. and Keshavarz, T. 2012. γ-Heptalactone is an endogenously produced quorum-sensing molecule regulating growth and secondary metabolite production by Aspergillus nidulans. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 96 (3), pp. 773-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4065-5

Enhanced production of the polyhydroxyalkanoate, P(3HB), from cacillus cereus SPV and its applications in cartilage regeneration
Everest, A., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2012. Enhanced production of the polyhydroxyalkanoate, P(3HB), from cacillus cereus SPV and its applications in cartilage regeneration. Gordon Research Conference on Biopolymers. Salve Regina University, Newport, Rhode Island, USA 3-8 June 2012

Novel biodegradable and biocompatible poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)/bacterial cellulose composites
Basnett, P., Knowles, J.C., Pishbin, F., Smith, C.L., Keshavarz, T., Boccaccini, A.R. and Roy, I. 2012. Novel biodegradable and biocompatible poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)/bacterial cellulose composites. Advanced Engineering Materials. 14 (6), pp. B330-B343. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201180076

Enhanced bio-decolourisation of acid orange 7 by Shewanella oneidensis through co-metabolism in a microbial fuel cell
Fernando, E., Keshavarz, T. and Kyazze, G. 2012. Enhanced bio-decolourisation of acid orange 7 by Shewanella oneidensis through co-metabolism in a microbial fuel cell. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 72, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.04.010

Poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate P(3HO), a medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate homopolymer from Pseudomonas mendocina
Rai, R., Yunos, D.M., Boccaccini, A.R., Knowles, J.C., Barker, I.A., Howdle, S.M., Tredwell, G.D., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2011. Poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate P(3HO), a medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate homopolymer from Pseudomonas mendocina. Biomacromolecules. 12 (6), pp. 2126-2136. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm2001999

Enhanced intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis after addition of oligosaccharide elicitors
Murphy, T., Nilsson, A., Roy, I., Harrop, A., Dixon, K. and Keshavarz, T. 2011. Enhanced intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis after addition of oligosaccharide elicitors. Biotechnology Letters. 33 (5), pp. 985-991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-010-0511-6

Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates, promising new biomedical materials for the future
Rai, R., Keshavarz, T., Roether, J.A., Boccaccini, A.R. and Roy, I. 2011. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates, promising new biomedical materials for the future. Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports. 72 (3), pp. 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2010.11.002

Application of fluorescent indicators to analyse intracellular calcium and morphology in filamentous fungi
Nair, R.R., Raina, S., Keshavarz, T. and Kerrigan, M.J.P. 2011. Application of fluorescent indicators to analyse intracellular calcium and morphology in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biology. 115 (4-5), pp. 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2010.12.012

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their medical applications
Roy, I., Akaraonye, E., Francis, L., Rai, R., Basnett, P. and Keshavarz, T. 2011. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their medical applications. 7th International Conference on Polymer and Textile Biotechnology. Milan, Italy 2nd - 4th March 2011

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their biomedical applications
Roy, I., Akaraonye, E., Francis, L., Rai, R., Basnett, P. and Keshavarz, T. 2011. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their biomedical applications. Euro BioMat 2011 - European Symposium on Biomaterials and Related Areas. Jena, Germany

Controlled delivery of gentamicin using poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres
Francis, L., Meng, D., Knowles, J.C., Keshavarz, T., Boccaccini, A.R. and Roy, I. 2011. Controlled delivery of gentamicin using poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 12 (7), pp. 4294-4314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12074294

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): bacterial cellulose composites for biomedical applications
Basnett, P., Smith, C.L., Boccaccini, A.R., Knowles, J.C., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2011. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): bacterial cellulose composites for biomedical applications. 24th European Conference on Biomaterials - Annual Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials. Dublin, Ireland Sept 2011

The homopolymer poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) as a matrix material for soft tissue engineering
Rai, R., Boccaccini, A.R., Knowles, J.C., Mordon, N., Salih, V., Locke, I.C., Moshrefi-Torbati, M., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2011. The homopolymer poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) as a matrix material for soft tissue engineering. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 122 (6), pp. 3606-3617. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34772

Impact of linoleic acid supplementation on lovastatin production in Aspergillus terreus cultures
Sorrentino, F., Roy, I. and Keshavarz, T. 2010. Impact of linoleic acid supplementation on lovastatin production in Aspergillus terreus cultures. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 88 (1), pp. 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2722-0

Enhanced and economical production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), a biodegradable polymer and its applications
Akaraonye, E., Safarikova, M., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2010. Enhanced and economical production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), a biodegradable polymer and its applications. 12th International Symposium on Biodegradable Polyesters. Stuttgart, Germany.

Influence of catholyte pH and temperature on hydrogen production from acetate using a two chamber concentric tubular microbial electrolysis cell
Kyazze, G., Popov, A., Dinsdale, R.M., Esteves, S., Hawkes, F.R., Premier, G.C. and Guwy, A.J. 2010. Influence of catholyte pH and temperature on hydrogen production from acetate using a two chamber concentric tubular microbial electrolysis cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 35 (15), pp. 7716-7722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.036

Quorum sensing as a method for improving sclerotiorin production in Penicillium sclerotiorum
Raina, S., Odell, M. and Keshavarz, T. 2010. Quorum sensing as a method for improving sclerotiorin production in Penicillium sclerotiorum. Journal of Biotechnology. 148 (2-3), pp. 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.04.009

Polyhydroxyalkanoates: bioplastics with a green agenda
Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2010. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: bioplastics with a green agenda. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 13 (3), pp. 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2010.02.006

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates: the future green materials of choice
Akaraonye, E., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2010. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates: the future green materials of choice. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 85 (6), pp. 732-743. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2392

Fabrication of a novel poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) / nanoscale bioactive glass composite film with potential as a multifunctional wound dressing
Rai, R., Boccaccini, A.R., Knowles, J.C., Locke, I.C., Gordge, M.P., McCormick, A., Salih, V., Mordon, N., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2010. Fabrication of a novel poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) / nanoscale bioactive glass composite film with potential as a multifunctional wound dressing. 5th international conference on times of polymers (TOP) and composites. Ischia, Italy 20–23 June 2010 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3455552

Direct fermentation of fodder maize, chicory fructans and perennial ryegrass to hydrogen using mixed microflora
Kyazze, G., Dinsdale, R.M., Hawkes, F.R., Guwy, A.J., Premier, G.C. and Donnison, I.S. 2009. Direct fermentation of fodder maize, chicory fructans and perennial ryegrass to hydrogen using mixed microflora. Bioresource Technology. 99 (18), pp. 8833-8839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.047

Microbial quorum sensing: a tool or a target for antimicrobial therapy?
Raina, S., De Vizio, D., Odell, M., Clements, M.O., Vanhulle, S. and Keshavarz, T. 2009. Microbial quorum sensing: a tool or a target for antimicrobial therapy? Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 54 (2), pp. 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1042/BA20090072

Quantitative PCR study on the mode of action of oligosaccharide elicitors on penicillin G production by Penicillium chrysogenum
Nair, R.R., Roy, I., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2009. Quantitative PCR study on the mode of action of oligosaccharide elicitors on penicillin G production by Penicillium chrysogenum. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 107 (4), pp. 1131-1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04293.x

Effect of impeller speed and pH on the production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) using Bacillus cereus SPV
Philip, S.E., Sengupta, S., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2009. Effect of impeller speed and pH on the production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) using Bacillus cereus SPV. Biomacromolecules. 10 (4), pp. 691-699. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm801395p

Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthases-enzymes involved in biodegradable polymer synthesis
Roy, I., Philip, S.E. and Keshavarz, T. 2009. Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthases-enzymes involved in biodegradable polymer synthesis. COST Action 868: Biotechnical Functionalisation of Renewable Polymeric Materials : Meeting on "Biotechnology and Biopolymers in Textile, Packaging, Cosmetics and Medical Applications". Istanbul, Turkey 19 - 20 Feb 2009

Microbial PHA biosynthesis and its biomedical applications
Roy, I., Philip, S.E., Francis, L., Rai, R., Keshavarz, T., Misra, S.K., Decheng, M. and Boccaccini, A.R. 2009. Microbial PHA biosynthesis and its biomedical applications. in: Proceedings of Euromat 2009, Glasgow, 7 - 10 September 2009 Euromat.

Feedstocks for BES conversions
Hawkes, F.R., Kim, J.R., Kyazze, G. and Premier, G.C. 2009. Feedstocks for BES conversions. in: Rabaey, K., Angenent, L., Schroder, U. and Keller, J. (ed.) Bioelectrochemical systems: from extracellular electron transfer to biotechnological application London IWA Publishing.

P(3HB) production by Bacillus cereus SPV using sucrose as a carbon source
Akaraonye, E., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2009. P(3HB) production by Bacillus cereus SPV using sucrose as a carbon source. in: Kiekens, P., Nierstrasz, V. and Lenting, H.B.M. (ed.) Proceedings of the international conference on textile and polymer biotechnology 6th Het Pand, Ghent, Belgium 23-25 September 2009 Ghent University. Department of Textiles Ghent.

ADM1 can be applied to continuous bio-hydrogen production using a variable stoichiometry approach
Penumathsa, B.K.V., Premier, G.C., Kyazze, G., Dinsdale, R.M., Guwy, A.J., Esteves, S. and Rodríguez, J. 2008. ADM1 can be applied to continuous bio-hydrogen production using a variable stoichiometry approach. Water Research. 42 (16), pp. 4379-4385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.030

Elicitation effects of oligosaccharides on the transcriptional level of bacitracin ABC transporter genes in Bacillus licheniformis
Murphy, T., Roy, I., Harrop, A., Dixon, K. and Keshavarz, T. 2008. Elicitation effects of oligosaccharides on the transcriptional level of bacitracin ABC transporter genes in Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnology Letters. 30 (9), pp. 1665-1670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-008-9743-0

Dye decolorisation by laccase entrapped in copper alginate
Teerapatsakul, C., Bucke, C., Parra, R., Keshavarz, T. and Chitradon, L. 2008. Dye decolorisation by laccase entrapped in copper alginate. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 24 (8), pp. 1367-1374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9617-y

Towards higher laccase activities produced by aquatic ascomycetous fungi through combination of elicitors and an alternative substrate
Junghanns, C., Parra, R., Keshavarz, T. and Schlosser, D. 2008. Towards higher laccase activities produced by aquatic ascomycetous fungi through combination of elicitors and an alternative substrate. Engineering in Life Sciences. 8 (3), pp. 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200800042

Microbial biosynthesis of PHAs and its applications
Roy, I., Philip, S.E., Francis, L., Rai, R., Valappil, S.P., Markiv, A., Keshavarz, T., Misra, S.K., Decheng, M. and Boccaccini, A.R. 2008. Microbial biosynthesis of PHAs and its applications. COST Action 868: Biotechnical Functionalisation of Renewable Polymeric Materials: 2008 Annual Workshop (combined Working Group and Management Committee meeting). Varna, Bulgaria 18 -19 Sep 2008

Microbial PHA biosynthesis and its applications
Roy, I., Philip, S.E., Francis, L., Rai, R., Valappil, S.P., Markiv, A., Keshavarz, T., Misra, S.K., Decheng, M. and Boccaccini, A.R. 2008. Microbial PHA biosynthesis and its applications. 11th International Symposium on Biodegradable Polyesters. Massey University in Auckland, New Zealand 23 - 26 Nov 2008

Production of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates using Pseudomonas species
Rai, R., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2008. Production of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates using Pseudomonas species. 11th International Symposium on Biodegradable Polyesters. Massey University in Auckland, New Zealand 23 - 26 Nov 2008

Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase in Bacillus cereus SPV, a class IV PHA synthase
Philip, S.E., Odell, M., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2008. Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase in Bacillus cereus SPV, a class IV PHA synthase. 11th International Symposium on Biodegradable Polyesters. Massey University in Auckland, New Zealand 23 - 26 Nov 2008

Optimisation studies of multiple elicitor addition in microbial systems: P.Chrysogenum and B.Lichiniformis
Nair, R.R., Murphy, T., Roy, I., Harrop, A., Dixon, K. and Keshavarz, T. 2008. Optimisation studies of multiple elicitor addition in microbial systems: P.Chrysogenum and B.Lichiniformis. in: Marino, G., Bardone, E. and Viglia, A. (ed.) IBIC2008 - 1st International Conference on Industrial Biotechnology AIDIC Servizi S.r.l..

Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthasis using Bacillus cereus SPV
Francis, L., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2008. Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthasis using Bacillus cereus SPV. COST Action 868: Biotechnical Functionalisation of Renewable Polymeric Materials: 2008 Annual Workshop (combined Working Group and Management Committee meeting). Varna, Bulgaria 18 -19 Sep 2008

Large-scale production and efficient recovery of PHB with desirable material properties, from the newly characterised Bacillus cereus SPV
Valappil, S.P., Misra, S.K., Boccaccini, A.R., Keshavarz, T., Bucke, C. and Roy, I. 2007. Large-scale production and efficient recovery of PHB with desirable material properties, from the newly characterised Bacillus cereus SPV. Journal of Biotechnology. 132 (3), pp. 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.03.013

Effect of oligosaccharide elicitors on bacitracin A production and evidence of transcriptional level control
Keshavarz, T., Murphy, T., Roy, I., Harrop, A. and Dixon, K. 2007. Effect of oligosaccharide elicitors on bacitracin A production and evidence of transcriptional level control. Journal of Biotechnology. 131 (4), pp. 397-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.943

Performance characteristics of a two stage process producing hydrogen and methane continuously
Kyazze, G. 2007. Performance characteristics of a two stage process producing hydrogen and methane continuously. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 97 (4), pp. 759-770. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21297

Effect of mannan oligosaccharide elicitor and ferulic acid on enhancement of laccases production in liquid cultures of basidiomycetes
Vanhulle, S., Radman, R., Parra, R., Cui, T., Bols, C.M., Tron, T., Sannia, G. and Keshavarz, T. 2007. Effect of mannan oligosaccharide elicitor and ferulic acid on enhancement of laccases production in liquid cultures of basidiomycetes. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 40 (7), pp. 1712-1718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.002

Novel application of oligosaccharides as elicitors for the enhancement of bacitracin A production in cultures of Bacillus licheniformis
Murphy, T., Parra, R., Radman, R., Roy, I., Harrop, A., Dixon, K. and Keshavarz, T. 2007. Novel application of oligosaccharides as elicitors for the enhancement of bacitracin A production in cultures of Bacillus licheniformis. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 40 (6), pp. 1518-1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.030

Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications
Philip, S.E., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2007. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 82 (3), pp. 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1667

The potential for hydrogen-enriched biogas production from crops: scenarios in the UK
Martinez-Perez, N., Cherryman, S.J., Premier, G.C., Dinsdale, R.M., Hawkes, D.L., Hawkes, F.R., Kyazze, G. and Guwy, A.J. 2007. The potential for hydrogen-enriched biogas production from crops: scenarios in the UK. Biomass & Bioenergy. 31 (2-3), pp. 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2006.07.003

Continuous dark fermentative hydrogen production by mesophilic microflora: principles and progress
Hawkes, F.R., Hussy, I., Dinsdale, R.M., Hawkes, D.L. and Kyazze, G. 2007. Continuous dark fermentative hydrogen production by mesophilic microflora: principles and progress. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 32 (2), pp. 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.08.014

Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Bacillus cereus SPV under different nutrient limiting conditions
Rai, R., Padinhara, S.V., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2007. Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Bacillus cereus SPV under different nutrient limiting conditions. COST Action 868: Biotechnical Functionalisation of Renewable Polymeric Materials: first annual workshop. Graz, Austria 12 - 14 Sep 2007

Production of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates using pseudomonas species UOW0417398
Rai, R., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2007. Production of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates using pseudomonas species UOW0417398. International Conference on Biodegradable Polymers: their production, characterisation and application. SCI, London 10 Dec 2007

Polyhydroxy-alkanoates - the biodegradable polymers
Philip, S.E., Odell, M., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2007. Polyhydroxy-alkanoates - the biodegradable polymers. International Conference on Biodegradable Polymers: their production, characterisation and application. SCI, London 10 Dec 2007

Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their applications
Francis, L., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2007. Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their applications. International Conference on Biodegradable Polymers: their production, characterisation and application. SCI, London 10 Dec 2007

Effects of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides on the generation of reactive oxygen species in different biological systems
Radman, R., Bland, E.J., Sangworachat, N., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2006. Effects of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides on the generation of reactive oxygen species in different biological systems. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 44 (3), pp. 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1042/BA20050217

Influence of substrate concentration on the stability and yield of continuous biohydrogen production
Kyazze, G., Martinez-Perez, N., Dinsdale, R.M., Hawkes, F.R., Hawkes, D.L. and Guwy, A.J. 2006. Influence of substrate concentration on the stability and yield of continuous biohydrogen production. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 93 (5), pp. 971-979. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.20802

Cell immobilization: past, present and future prospects
Keshavarz, T. and Nedovic, V. 2006. Cell immobilization: past, present and future prospects. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 81 (4), pp. 483-484. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1517

Specificities of proteases for use in leather manufacture
Foroughi, F., Keshavarz, T. and Evans, C.S. 2006. Specificities of proteases for use in leather manufacture. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 81 (3), pp. 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1367

Comparative studies on the influence of higher basidiomycetes polysaccharide fractions on reactive oxidizing species production
Lakkireddy, G., Keshavarz, T. and Bucke, C. 2006. Comparative studies on the influence of higher basidiomycetes polysaccharide fractions on reactive oxidizing species production. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 8 (2), pp. 135-148. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v8.i2

Biological activity of industrial wood and bark waste from Pinus nigra
Curras Lino, M., Radman, R., Bertaud, F., Nisula, L., Lenon, G., Holbom, B., Locke, I.C., Thompson, S. and Keshavarz, T. 2006. Biological activity of industrial wood and bark waste from Pinus nigra. in: Actual problems of creation of new medicinal preparations of natural origin: the 10th international congress PHYTOPHARM 2006, St.-Petersburg, June 27-30, 2006: proceedings of congress St Petersburg, Russia PHYTOPHARM. pp. 401-403

Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthases: the enzymes involved in biodegradable polymer synthesis
Valappil, S.P., Philip, S.E., Odell, M., Keshavarz, T. and Roy, I. 2005. Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthases: the enzymes involved in biodegradable polymer synthesis. Proceedings of Frontiers in Chemical Biology: Mechanistic Enzymology and Biocatalysis. Exeter, UK 31 Aug - 02 Sep 2005

Large scale production of P(3HB) from newly isolated Bacillus sp.
Valappil, S.P., Keshavarz, T., Bucke, C. and Roy, I. 2005. Large scale production of P(3HB) from newly isolated Bacillus sp. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Environmental Industrial and Applied Microbiology. Badajoz, Spain 15 - 18 Mar 2005

Towards unravelling the elicitation mechanism in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenin: Chrysogenin elicitation
Nair, R.R., Radman, R., Roy, I., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2005. Towards unravelling the elicitation mechanism in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenin: Chrysogenin elicitation. in: Pierucci, S. (ed.) 7th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering: ICheaP 7, May 15-16, 2005, Giardini Di Naxos, Italy Italy Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica.

Production of biopharmaceuticals through microbial cell immobilization
Keshavarz, T. 2005. Production of biopharmaceuticals through microbial cell immobilization. in: Nedovic, V. and Willaert, R. (ed.) Applications of cell immobilisation biotechnology Dordrecht, Germany Springer.

Elicitor effects on Penicillium chrysogenum morphology in submerged cultures
Radman, R., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2004. Elicitor effects on Penicillium chrysogenum morphology in submerged cultures. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 40 (3), pp. 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1042/BA20040062

The influence of small oligosaccharides on the immune system
Bland, E.J., Keshavarz, T. and Bucke, C. 2004. The influence of small oligosaccharides on the immune system. Carbohydrate Research. 339 (10), pp. 1673-1678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2004.05.009

Viscosity of milk: influence of cluster formation
Kyazze, G. and Starov, V. 2004. Viscosity of milk: influence of cluster formation. Colloid Journal. 66 (3), pp. 316-321. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COLL.0000030842.70947.f0

Morphological changes in the submerged cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum: elicitor effects
Radman, R., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2004. Morphological changes in the submerged cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum: elicitor effects. in: Pierucci, S. (ed.) 6th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering: ICheaP 6, June 8-11, 2003, Pisa, Italy Italy Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica.

Elicitor effects on reactive oxygen species in liquid cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum
Radman, R., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2004. Elicitor effects on reactive oxygen species in liquid cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum. Biotechnology Letters. 26 (2), pp. 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BILE.0000012897.28356.cb

Elicitation of plants and microbial cell systems
Radman, R., Saez, T., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2003. Elicitation of plants and microbial cell systems. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 37 (1), pp. 91-102.

Transformation of high concentrations of chlorophenols by the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor immobilized on nylon mesh
Sedarati, M.R., Keshavarz, T., Leontievsky, A. and Evans, C.S. 2003. Transformation of high concentrations of chlorophenols by the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor immobilized on nylon mesh. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 6 (2), pp. 104-114.

Influence of cluster formation: viscosity of concentrated emulsions
Kyazze, G. and Starov, V. 2003. Influence of cluster formation: viscosity of concentrated emulsions. Applied Rheology. 13 (5), pp. 259-264. https://doi.org/10.3933/ApplRheol-13-259

A process comparison between production of antibody fragments in E. coli and in Aspergillus awamori
Keshavarz, T. and Keshavarz-Moore, E. 2003. A process comparison between production of antibody fragments in E. coli and in Aspergillus awamori. in: Pierucci, S. (ed.) 6th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering: ICheaP 6, June 8-11, 2003, Pisa, Italy Italy Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica.

Factors affecting the production of a single-chain antibody fragment by Aspergillus awamori in a stirred tank reactor
Sotiriadis, A., Keshavarz, T. and Keshavarz-Moore, E. 2001. Factors affecting the production of a single-chain antibody fragment by Aspergillus awamori in a stirred tank reactor. Biotechnology Progress. 17 (4), pp. 618-623. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp010026+

Production of lipolytic enzymes in batch cultures of Ophiostoma piceae
Tamerler, C., Martinez, A. and Keshavarz, T. 2001. Production of lipolytic enzymes in batch cultures of Ophiostoma piceae. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 76 (9), pp. 991-996. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.473

Effect of mannan and alginate oligosaccharides on production in bioreactors of penicillin G and its biosynthetic intermediates
Tamerler, C., Ariyo, B., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2001. Effect of mannan and alginate oligosaccharides on production in bioreactors of penicillin G and its biosynthetic intermediates. Annals of Microbiology. 51 (1), pp. 53-60.

Effect of pH and loading manner on the start-up period of peat biofilter degrading xylene and toluene mixture
Marek, J., Paca, J., Halecky, M., Koutsky, B., Sobotka, M. and Keshavarz, T. 2001. Effect of pH and loading manner on the start-up period of peat biofilter degrading xylene and toluene mixture. Folia Microbiologica. 76 (9), pp. 205-209.

Using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate to assess polysaccharides as immunomodulating agents
Brand, E., Keshavarz, T. and Bucke, C. 2001. Using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate to assess polysaccharides as immunomodulating agents. Molecular Biotechnology. 19 (2), pp. 125-131.

Lipolytic enzyme production in batch and fed-batch cultures of Ophiostoma piceae and Fusarium oxysporum
Tamerler, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2000. Lipolytic enzyme production in batch and fed-batch cultures of Ophiostoma piceae and Fusarium oxysporum. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 75 (9), pp. 785-790. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4660(200009)75:9<785::AID-JCTB293>3.0.CO;2-R

Enhancement of chrysogenin production in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum by uronic acid oligosaccharides
Asilonu, E., Bucke, C. and Keshavarz, T. 2000. Enhancement of chrysogenin production in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum by uronic acid oligosaccharides. Biotechnology Letters. 22 (11), pp. 931-936. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005694415666

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