Gu, J., Scotti, F., Reich, E., Kirchhoff, R., Booker, A. and Heinrich, P.M. 2022. Chrysanthemum species used as food and medicine: Understanding quality differences on the global market. South African Journal of Botany. 148, pp. 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.04.009
| Title | Chrysanthemum species used as food and medicine: Understanding quality differences on the global market |
|---|---|
| Type | Journal article |
| Authors | Gu, J., Scotti, F., Reich, E., Kirchhoff, R., Booker, A. and Heinrich, P.M. |
| Abstract | Background Chrysanthemum flowers [Ch. x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. and Ch. indicum L.] are a globally used and pharmacologically interesting botanical drug, however, with variable product quality. Objective We aim at understanding the chemical variability of primary material available commercially based on different origins and associated quality problems like contamination with heavy metals. This needs to be assessed in the context of the current regulations for this botanical drug and associated problems. Material and Methods 15 C. indicum L. and 50 C. x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl., including a range of geographical cultivars recognized in China, samples from the USA, Europe and China were analyzed using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) to compare their general chemical profile. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to quantify heavy metal contamination. Results The: HPTLC fingerprints of C. indicum samples are clearly distinguishable from C. x morifolium. Fingerprints of samples from the same cultivars collected from markets in different countries (USA and China) show different patterns. Large variance of fingerprints within each cultivar group was observed. The heavy metal analysis showed excessive amounts of some harmful heavy metal in some commercial products with excessive cadmium being the most frequent problem. Conclusions The Chinese medicinal cultivars vary. Differences between samples sourced from the USA and China might be ascribable to geographical factors (e.g. soil composition), degradation during transport/storage or adulteration, but geographical differences should also be taken into account. Importantly, a much more detailed definition of the drug are needed for better quality control. In addition, with continuous contamination problem observed, a more widespread regulation is an essential requirement for better quality. |
| Keywords | Chrysanthemum flower |
| Quality assurance | |
| Global market | |
| Cadmium | |
| Quality control | |
| TCM | |
| Journal | South African Journal of Botany |
| Journal citation | 148, pp. 123-134 |
| ISSN | 0254-6299 |
| Year | 2022 |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Publisher's version | License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open (open metadata and files) |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.04.009 |
| Web address (URL) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629922001697 |
| Publication dates | |
| Published in print | Aug 2022 |
| Published online | 23 Apr 2022 |