Fooks, A.R., Johnson, N., Freuling, C.M., Wakeley, P.R., Banyard, A.C., McElhinney, L.M., Marston, D.A., Dastjerdi, A., Wright, E., Weiss, R.A. and Muller, T. 2009. Emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3 (9) e530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000530
| Title | Emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century |
|---|---|
| Type | Journal article |
| Authors | Fooks, A.R., Johnson, N., Freuling, C.M., Wakeley, P.R., Banyard, A.C., McElhinney, L.M., Marston, D.A., Dastjerdi, A., Wright, E., Weiss, R.A. and Muller, T. |
| Abstract | The diagnosis of rabies is routinely based on clinical and epidemiological information, especially when exposures are reported in rabies-endemic countries. Diagnostic tests using conventional assays that appear to be negative, even when undertaken late in the disease and despite the clinical diagnosis, have a tendency, at times, to be unreliable. These tests are rarely optimal and entirely dependent on the nature and quality of the sample supplied. In the course of the past three decades, the application of molecular biology has aided in the development of tests that result in a more rapid detection of rabies virus. These tests enable viral strain identification from clinical specimens. Currently, there are a number of molecular tests that can be used to complement conventional tests in rabies diagnosis. Indeed the challenges in the 21st century for the development of rabies diagnostics are not of a technical nature; these tests are available now. The challenges in the 21st century for diagnostic test developers are two-fold: firstly, to achieve internationally accepted validation of a test that will then lead to its acceptance by organisations globally. Secondly, the areas of the world where such tests are needed are mainly in developing regions where financial and logistical barriers prevent their implementation. Although developing countries with a poor healthcare infrastructure recognise that molecular-based diagnostic assays will be unaffordable for routine use, the cost/benefit ratio should still be measured. Adoption of rapid and affordable rabies diagnostic tests for use in developing countries highlights the importance of sharing and transferring technology through laboratory twinning between the developed and the developing countries. Importantly for developing countries, the benefit of molecular methods as tools is the capability for a differential diagnosis of human diseases that present with similar clinical symptoms. Antemortem testing for human rabies is now possible using molecular techniques. These barriers are not insurmountable and it is our expectation that if such tests are accepted and implemented where they are most needed, they will provide substantial improvements for rabies diagnosis and surveillance. The advent of molecular biology and new technological initiatives that combine advances in biology with other disciplines will support the development of techniques capable of high throughput testing with a low turnaround time for rabies diagnosis. |
| Article number | e530 |
| Journal | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Journal citation | 3 (9) |
| ISSN | 1935-2727 |
| Year | Sep 2009 |
| Publisher | Public Library of Science |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000530 |
| Publication dates | |
| Published | 29 Sep 2009 |
| File |
Human papilloma virus genotype distribution and risk factor analysis amongst reproductive aged women in urban Gambia
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Bat and pig Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 restrict cell entry by influenza virus and lyssaviruses
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A novel serological assay for detection of rabies virus neutralising antibodies
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Effect of Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine (DARC) polymorphisms on susceptibility to HIV infection and progression to AIDS
Wright, E., He, W., Neil, S., Kulkarni, H., Agan, B.K., Marconi, V.C., Dolan, M.J., Ahuja, S.K. and Weiss, R.A. 2007. Effect of Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine (DARC) polymorphisms on susceptibility to HIV infection and progression to AIDS. Institute Pasteur Genetics and Mechanisms of Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases. Paris, France 2007
Ets-2 repressor factor recruits histone deacetylase to silence human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression in non-permissive cells
Wright, E., Bain, M., Teague, L., Murphy, J. and Sinclair, J. 2005. Ets-2 repressor factor recruits histone deacetylase to silence human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression in non-permissive cells. Journal of General Virology. 86 (3), pp. 535-544. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80352-0
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