Title | Ketosis Suppression and Ageing (KetoSAge): The Effects of Suppressing Ketosis in Long Term Keto-Adapted Non-Athletic Females |
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Type | Journal article |
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Authors | Cooper, I., Kyriakidou, Y., Edwards, K., Petagine, L., Seyfried, T., Duraj, T., Soto-Mota, A., Scarborough, A., Jacome, S, Brookler, K., Borgogni, V., Novaes, V., Al-Faour, R. and Elliott, B. |
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Abstract | Most studies on ketosis have focused on short-term effects, male athletes, or weight loss. Hereby, we studied the effects of short-term ketosis suppression in healthy women on long-standing ketosis. Ten lean (BMI 20.5 ± 1.4), metabolically healthy, pre-menopausal women (age 32.3 ± 8.9) maintaining nutritional ketosis (NK) for > 1 year (3.9 years ± 2.3) underwent three 21-day phases: nutritional ketosis (NK; P1), suppressed ketosis (SuK; P2), and returned to NK (P3). Adherence to each phase was confirmed with daily capillary D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) tests (P1 = 1.9 ± 0.7; P2 = 0.1 ± 0.1; and P3 = 1.9 ± 0.6 pmol/L). Ageing biomarkers and anthropometrics were evaluated at the end of each phase. Ketosis suppression significantly increased: insulin, 1.78-fold from 33.60 (± 8.63) to 59.80 (± 14.69) pmol/L (p = 0.0002); IGF1, 1.83-fold from 149.30 (± 32.96) to 273.40 (± 85.66) µg/L (p = 0.0045); glucose, 1.17-fold from 78.6 (± 9.5) to 92.2 (± 10.6) mg/dL (p = 0.0088); respiratory quotient (RQ), 1.09-fold 0.66 (± 0.05) to 0.72 (± 0.06; p = 0.0427); and PAI-1, 13.34 (± 6.85) to 16.69 (± 6.26) ng/mL (p = 0.0428). VEGF, EGF, and monocyte chemotactic protein also significantly increased, indicating a pro-inflammatory shift. Sustained ketosis showed no adverse health effects, and may mitigate hyperinsulinemia without impairing metabolic flexibility in metabolically healthy women. |
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Keywords | Ageing |
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| Beta-hydroxybutyrate |
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| Cancer |
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| Hyperinsulinaemia |
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| Insulin resistance |
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| Ketosis |
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| Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
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Article number | 15621 |
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Journal | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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Journal citation | 24 |
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ISSN | 1422-0067 |
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Year | 2023 |
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Publisher | MDPI |
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Accepted author manuscript | License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 File Access Level Open (open metadata and files) |
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Publisher's version | License CC BY 4.0 File Access Level Open (open metadata and files) |
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Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115621 |
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Web address (URL) | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/21/15621 |
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Publication dates |
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Published | 26 Oct 2023 |
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Project | Ketosis Suppression and Ageing (KetoSAge): Suppression of ketosis negatively affects multiple biomarkers associated with chronic diseases and ageing |
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