Clarke, L., Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Winch, C. 2022. Vocational education and training for a greener construction sector: low road or high road approaches to apprenticeships? in: Apprenticeships for green economies and societies Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 87-96
| Chapter title | Vocational education and training for a greener construction sector: low road or high road approaches to apprenticeships? |
|---|---|
| Authors | Clarke, L., Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Winch, C. |
| Abstract | All too often, the issue of climate change is treated as a purely technical one, outside the realm of the social sciences or education. To address it effectively, however, implies a transformation in the vocational education and training (VET) and qualification systems as well as in the labour market. VET can play a major role in reducing CO2 emissions and improving the energy efficiency of buildings across Europe. The paper explains why this is so and what can be done to implement change in the construction, a sector set to gain more employment than any other from the transition to a green economy through policies and programmes for nearly zero energy building (NZEB), renewable energy installations and retrofit across Europe. The imperative of equipping the construction workforce with the appropriate knowledge, skills and competences is an integral part of the European Union (EU) green transition policy for the built environment. Zero carbon and NZEB require the training of millions of construction workers, a different construction process from the traditional one and a significant upgrading of existing VET systems. The complex technical and social challenges confronting construction VET systems throughout Europe and the constraints involved in addressing these are the focus of this paper. The aim is to identify the changes in the quality of labour and in VET required to achieve NZEB and to present a trans-European transparency tool against which different VET programmes for low energy construction (LEC) can be assessed. As apparent from the European Commission’s Build-up Skills initiative, successful NZEB depends on co-ordination and overall project awareness, teamwork and the application of theoretical knowledge to particular circumstances. This requires an energy literate workforce, with broader and deeper theoretical knowledge, higher technical and precision skills, interdisciplinary understanding, and a wide range of transversal competences. The depth and breadth of expertise implied and the qualitative transformation of the construction labour process required also need to be expressed by qualification frameworks to facilitate a uniform approach in conformity with the European Qualifications Framework (EQF). Broadly-based initial VET (IVET) systems and occupational profiles, constructed and maintained through consultation and co-ordination with social partners and based on imparting relevant knowledge, represent the ‘high road’ to energy efficiency in buildings and are best placed to respond to the challenges of climate change. Developing the agency and powers of judgement of workers through VET is not only a promoter of personal development but a means of providing up to date construction expertise. The paper shows how an approach to VET based only on learning outcomes and targeting specific skills, as implied in the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESC) initiative, is too narrow and lacking in depth to allow for the systematic application of theoretical LEC knowledge to practice and the development of NZEB expertise in the workplace. Theoretically broader, deeper, more technical and inter-disciplinary expertise is needed to meet European Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD) targets. Despite this, VET for LEC across Europe has been largely preoccupied just with developing specific ‘skills’ and confined to short and task-specific continuing VET (CVET) courses, representing what can be regarded as the ‘low road’. Mainstreaming the knowledge, skills and competences required for NZEB into IVET curricula is rare though it is achieved in German construction IVET, which takes a standards-based approach, successfully embeds LEC elements and seeks to overcome occupational boundaries and develop a holistic understanding of the construction process. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of different VET systems in meeting NZEB requirements and presents examples from CVET and IVET from different parts of Europe to show what can be done to incorporate LEC elements. Through an investigation in ten European countries, the paper presents the range of different strategies advanced and illustrates the significance of social partnership, the need to overcome the fragmentation of the construction process, and the high-quality VET essential in order to address climate change. It is argued that a ‘high road’ approach, in encompassing a broad concept of agency, successfully addresses NZEB requirements whereas in contrast a ‘low road’ approach represents an instrumentalist approach to labour that jeopardises the achievement of higher energy efficiency standards. |
| Keywords | apprenticeship, green construction, vocational education |
| Book title | Apprenticeships for green economies and societies |
| Page range | 87-96 |
| Year | 2022 |
| Publisher | Publications Office of the European Union |
| Publication dates | |
| Published | 13 May 2022 |
| Place of publication | Luxembourg |
| Series | Cedefop reference series, No 122 |
| ISBN | 9789289634168 |
| ISSN | 2363-216X |
| File | License CC BY 3.0 File Access Level Open (open metadata and files) |
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Women in Construction, Wood and Forestry: a Resource Toolkit for Gender Equality at Work
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Building it Green: European Report
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Just Green Transitions and Global Labour Organisations
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The Impact of Political Factors on International Student Mobility
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Climate Change and Architectural Practice - competing visions and practices of sustainability
Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2022. Climate Change and Architectural Practice - competing visions and practices of sustainability. British Sociological Association Annual Conference 2022. Online 20 - 22 Apr 2022 British Sociological Association.
A just and green transition to a carbon-neutral society: are union strategies at global level implemented locally?
Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Clarke, L. 2021. A just and green transition to a carbon-neutral society: are union strategies at global level implemented locally? The 39th International Labour Process Conference. Online 12 - 14 Apr 2021 University of Greenwich.
Climate change and the architectural profession - the 'social' turn?
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Why radical transformation is necessary for gender equality and a zero carbon European construction sector
Clarke, L. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2021. Why radical transformation is necessary for gender equality and a zero carbon European construction sector. in: Magnusdottir, G.L. and Kronsell, A. (ed.) Gender, intersectionality and Climate Institutions in Industrialized States London and New York Routledge. pp. 164-180
Comparative VET European Research since the 1980s: Accommodating Changes in VET Systems and Labour Markets
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Transforming vocational education and training for nearly zero-energy building
Sahin-Dikmen, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2020. Transforming vocational education and training for nearly zero-energy building. Buildings and Cities. 1 (1), pp. 650-661. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.56
Towards nearly zero energy building in Europe: the challenge of vocational education and training for the construction industry
Clarke, L., Duran-Palma, F. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2020. Towards nearly zero energy building in Europe: the challenge of vocational education and training for the construction industry. in: Leal Filho W., Azul A.M., Brandli L., Lange Salvia A. and Wall T. (ed.) Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: SDG9Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Switzerland Springer.
Unions and the green transition in construction in Europe: contrasting visions
Clarke, L. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2020. Unions and the green transition in construction in Europe: contrasting visions . European Journal of Industrial Relations. 26 (4), pp. 401-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680120951705
Future conditional: from Just Transition to radical transformation?
Clarke, L. and Lipsig-Mummé, C. 2020. Future conditional: from Just Transition to radical transformation? European Journal of Industrial Relations. 26 (4), pp. 351-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680120951684
Gender and the ecological modernisation of the built environment - Ecofeminist questions
Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2020. Gender and the ecological modernisation of the built environment - Ecofeminist questions. Critical Political Economy Research Network Mid-Term Workshop ' What's Next? Critical Political Economy at the End of Neoliberalism?'. Online 19 - 20 Jun 2020
Overcoming diverse approaches to vocational education and training to combat climate change - the case of low energy construction in Europe
Clarke, L., Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Winch, C. 2020. Overcoming diverse approaches to vocational education and training to combat climate change - the case of low energy construction in Europe . Oxford Review of Education. 46 (5), pp. 619-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2020.1745167
The changing nature of labour regulation: the distinctiveness of the National Agreement for the Engineering Construction Industry (NAECI)
Clarke, L. and Fitzgerald, I. 2020. The changing nature of labour regulation: the distinctiveness of the National Agreement for the Engineering Construction Industry (NAECI). Industrial Relations Journal. 51 (1-2), pp. 58-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12280
Vocational Education and Training for Low Energy Construction in Europe
Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Clarke, L. 2019. Vocational Education and Training for Low Energy Construction in Europe. Transforming Construction into a Green Industry. University of Westminster 18 Jul 2019
A field lens onto Architectural Practice: the grand and the mundane
Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2019. A field lens onto Architectural Practice: the grand and the mundane. 14th European Sociological Association Conference. Manchester 19 - 23 Aug 2019
Inclusive Vocational Education and Training for Low Energy Construction: VET4LEC Final Report and Country Summaries
Clarke, L., Gleeson, C.P., Sahin-Dikmen, M., Winch, C. and Duran-Palma, F. 2019. Inclusive Vocational Education and Training for Low Energy Construction: VET4LEC Final Report and Country Summaries. Brussels European Commission.
City Building (Glasgow): Inspirational model low energy construction and direct labour
Clarke, L. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2019. City Building (Glasgow): Inspirational model low energy construction and direct labour. Scottish Left Review. 110.
Trade unions and the green transition in construction: challenges and opportunities
Clarke, L. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2019. Trade unions and the green transition in construction: challenges and opportunities. International Labour Process Conference. University of Vienna 24 - 26 Apr 2019
Vocational Education and Training for Low Energy Construction
Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Gleeson, C.P. 2019. Vocational Education and Training for Low Energy Construction. Brussels European Commission (DG Employment).
Introduction for Building Capitalism
Clarke, L. 2018. Introduction for Building Capitalism. in: L’Histoire de la construction/ Construction History: Relevé d’un chantier européen /Survey of a European Building Site Paris Classiques Garnier. pp. 591-598
From Craft to Qualified Labour in Britain: a comparative approach
Clarke, L. 2018. From Craft to Qualified Labour in Britain: a comparative approach. in: L’Histoire de la construction/ Construction History: Relevé d’un chantier européen / Survey of a European Building Site. Tome II Paris Classiques Garnier. pp. 737-765
Builiding Capitalism Introduction
Clarke, L. 2018. Builiding Capitalism Introduction . in: L’Histoire de la construction/ Construction History: Relevé d’un chantier européen / Survey of a European Building Site. Tome II Paris Classiques Garnier. pp. 591-598
Green Transitions in the Built Environment: Europe
Clarke, L., Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Gleeson, C.P. 2018. Green Transitions in the Built Environment: Europe. Adapting Canadian Work and Workplaces to Respond to Climate Change: Canada in International Perspective.
Green transitions in the built environment in Europe
Clarke, L. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2018. Green transitions in the built environment in Europe. Workshop: What kind of green and just transition?. University of Westminster 12 - 12 Jul 2018
Challenges for vocational education and training for low energy construction in Europe: divergent contexts, approaches and practices
Clarke, L. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2018. Challenges for vocational education and training for low energy construction in Europe: divergent contexts, approaches and practices. Sustainability and Green Jobs Seminar, Middlesex University. Middlesex University 22 Mar 2018
Transforming the employment relation in construction to achieve energy efficiency: the need for a new coalition of actors
Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Clarke, L. 2018. Transforming the employment relation in construction to achieve energy efficiency: the need for a new coalition of actors. British Universities Industrial Relations Association (BUIRA) Conference. Middlesex University, London 27 - 29 Jun 2018
Gender Differentiation in Media Industries. Man-made media? Muted Women
Knowles, D., Clarke, L., Michielsens, E. and Snijders, S. 2018. Gender Differentiation in Media Industries. Man-made media? Muted Women.
Misplaced Gender diversity policies and practices in the British construction industry: developing and inclusive and transforming strategy
Clarke, L., Michielsens, E. and Snijders, S. 2018. Misplaced Gender diversity policies and practices in the British construction industry: developing and inclusive and transforming strategy. in: Emuze, F. and Smallwood, J. (ed.) Valuing People in Construction Abingdon Routledge. pp. 130-150
Contradictions between Artisan and Wage Labour Production: Non–Simultaneity in the Building of Somers Town from the End of the Eighteenth Century
Clarke, L. 2018. Contradictions between Artisan and Wage Labour Production: Non–Simultaneity in the Building of Somers Town from the End of the Eighteenth Century. in: Heine, E.-C. and Rauhut, C. (ed.) Producing Non-Simultaneity: construction sites as places of progressiveness and continuity Abingdon Routledge.
DLO Examples Today: Wakefield District Housing and Glasgow City Council
Clarke, L. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2017. DLO Examples Today: Wakefield District Housing and Glasgow City Council. Workshop: Direct Labour Past and Present-The Answer to the Housing Crisis, Construction Training and Low Energy Building?. University of Westminster 13 - 13 Jul 2017
Women and Low Energy Construction in Europe: a new opportunity?
Clarke, L., Gleeson, C.P. and Wall, C. 2017. Women and Low Energy Construction in Europe: a new opportunity? in: Griffin Cohen, M. (ed.) Climate Change and Gender in Rich Countries: Work, Public Policy and Action Earthscan. pp. 55-69
Constructing Post-War Britain: building workers stories
Wall, C. and Clarke, L. 2017. Constructing Post-War Britain: building workers stories.
Manmade Media? The Muffled Voices of Women
Knowles, D., Snijders, S., Clarke, L., Michielsens, E. and Goodacre, H. 2017. Manmade Media? The Muffled Voices of Women. 10th Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Conference. Brunel Business School, Brunel University London 28 - 30 Jun 2017
Disparities in Labour and VET in meeting LEC targets
Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Clarke, L. 2017. Disparities in Labour and VET in meeting LEC targets. ILPC . Sheffield 04 - 07 Apr 2017
What kind of expertise is needed for low energy construction
Clarke, L., Gleeson, C.P. and Winch, C. 2017. What kind of expertise is needed for low energy construction. Construction Management and Economics. 35 (3), pp. 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2016.1248988
Explaining diverging VET systems and approaches in the post-war construction sector: the examples of Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany
Clarke, L. and Janssen, J. 2016. Explaining diverging VET systems and approaches in the post-war construction sector: the examples of Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. in: Berner, E. and Gonon, P. (ed.) History of Vocational Education and Training in Europe: Cases, Concepts and Challenges Bern, Switzerland Peter Lang. pp. 531-550
On Site
Beech, N., Clarke, L., Wall, C. and Fitzgerald, I. 2016. On Site. in: Lloyd Thomas, K., Amhoff, T. and Beech, N. (ed.) Industries of Architecture Routledge.
Lessons from abroad: the need for employee involvement, regulation and education for broad occupational profiles – the case of construction’ in Where next for apprenticeships?
Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2016. Lessons from abroad: the need for employee involvement, regulation and education for broad occupational profiles – the case of construction’ in Where next for apprenticeships? in: Where next for apprenticeships? Policy report London Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
‘Through Trade Unionism you felt a belonging – you belonged’: Collectivism and the Self-Representation of Building Workers in Stevenage New Town
McGuire, C., Clarke L. and Wall, C. 2016. ‘Through Trade Unionism you felt a belonging – you belonged’: Collectivism and the Self-Representation of Building Workers in Stevenage New Town. Labour History Review. 81 (3), pp. 211-236. https://doi.org/10.3828/lhr.2016.11
No More Softly, Softly: Women in the Construction Workforce
Clarke L., Michielsens, E., Snijders, S., Wall, C., Dainty, A., Bagilhole, B. and Barnard, S. 2015. No More Softly, Softly: Women in the Construction Workforce . London ProBE.
No more softly, softly: review of women in the construction workforce
Clarke, L., Michielsens, E., Snijders, S. and Wall, C. 2015. No more softly, softly: review of women in the construction workforce. ProBE publication.
Have Anglo-Saxon concepts really influenced the development of European qualifications policy?
Clarke, L. 2015. Have Anglo-Saxon concepts really influenced the development of European qualifications policy? Research in Comparative and International Education. 10 (4), pp. 593-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499915613247
'Raising the bar’ for the representation of women in the construction workforce
Wall, C., Clarke, L., Michielsens, E. and Snijders, S. 2015. 'Raising the bar’ for the representation of women in the construction workforce. London University of Westminster with University of Loughborough.
Are women ‘not up to’ working in construction – at all times and everywhere?
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2014. Are women ‘not up to’ working in construction – at all times and everywhere? in: Munn, M. (ed.) Building the future: women in construction London Smith Institute. pp. 10-19
Building by Direct Labour: the significance of Direct Labour Organisations in the provision of public housing in the UK 1890-1980, Queens’ College, Cambridge, 11 - 12 April 2014
Clarke, L. 2014. Building by Direct Labour: the significance of Direct Labour Organisations in the provision of public housing in the UK 1890-1980, Queens’ College, Cambridge, 11 - 12 April 2014. in: Campbell, J.W.P., Andrews, W., Bill, N., Draper, K., Fleming, P. and Pan, Y. (ed.) Proceedings of the first Construction History Society Conference Construction History Society.
Diversity in STEMM: Establishing a Business Case
Wright, A., Michielsens, E., Snijders, S., Kumarappan, L., Williamson, M., Clarke, L. and Urwin, P. 2014. Diversity in STEMM: Establishing a Business Case. Royal Society.
A Bourdieusian Lens onto Professions, A Case Study of Architecture
Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2014. A Bourdieusian Lens onto Professions, A Case Study of Architecture. PhD thesis University of York
Der Widerspruch zwischen nationalen Berufsbildungssystemen und dem europäischen Arbeitsmarkt: der Fall der Maurerqualifikationen
Clarke, L., Winch, C. and Brockmann, M. 2014. Der Widerspruch zwischen nationalen Berufsbildungssystemen und dem europäischen Arbeitsmarkt: der Fall der Maurerqualifikationen. WSI Mitteilungen. 1/2014, pp. 60-69.
Women and Low Energy Construction in Europe
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2014. Women and Low Energy Construction in Europe. Women and Environments. 94/95, pp. 26-27.
Business Case for diversity in the scientific workforce
Wright, A.M., Clarke, L., Michielsens, E., Snijders, S. and Williamson, M. 2014. Business Case for diversity in the scientific workforce. Royal Society.
Are women ‘not up to’ working in construction – at all times and everywhere?
Wall, C. and Clarke, L. 2014. Are women ‘not up to’ working in construction – at all times and everywhere? London The Smith Institute.
Managing diversity through flexible-work arrangements: management perspectives
Bingham, C., Michielsens, E. and Clarke, L. 2014. Managing diversity through flexible-work arrangements: management perspectives. Employee Relations. 36 (1), pp. 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2012-0048
Trade-based skills versus occupational capacity: the example of bricklaying in Europe
Clarke, L., Winch, C. and Brockmann, M. 2013. Trade-based skills versus occupational capacity: the example of bricklaying in Europe. Work, Employment & Society. 27 (6), pp. 932-951. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017013481639
Towards a social model approach?: British and Dutch disability policies in the health sector compared
Bingham, C., Michielsens, E., Clarke, L. and van der Meer, M. 2013. Towards a social model approach?: British and Dutch disability policies in the health sector compared. Personnel Review. 42 (5), pp. 613-637. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-08-2011-0120
Rethinking Brutalist Buildings: their soul is in their making
Muñoz-Rojas, O., Wall, C. and Clarke, L. 2013. Rethinking Brutalist Buildings: their soul is in their making. in: Gheran, N.L. and Monteith, K. (ed.) Monstrous Spaces: the Other Frontier Oxford Brill. pp. 93-104
Transnacionais: Um Estudo de Quatro Profisses em Quatro Paises no Contexto do Quadro Europeu de Qualficacoes (QEQ)
Clarke, L. and Brockmann, M. 2013. Transnacionais: Um Estudo de Quatro Profisses em Quatro Paises no Contexto do Quadro Europeu de Qualficacoes (QEQ). in: Ensino Profissional Lisbon Fundacao Francisco Manuel dos Santos.
Battles on the Barbican: the struggle for trade unionism in the British building industry, 1965-7
McGuire, C., Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2013. Battles on the Barbican: the struggle for trade unionism in the British building industry, 1965-7. History Workshop Journal. 75 (1), pp. 33-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbs033
The neglected role of labour in low energy construction: ‘thermal literacy’ and the difference between design intention and performance
Gleeson, C.P. and Clarke, L. 2013. The neglected role of labour in low energy construction: ‘thermal literacy’ and the difference between design intention and performance. Work in a Warming World: Labour, Climate Change, and Social Struggle. Toronto, Canada 29 Nov - 01 Dec 2013
Implementing the EQF: English as distinct from continental bricklaying qualifications
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2013. Implementing the EQF: English as distinct from continental bricklaying qualifications. in: Deitmer, L., Hauschildt, U., Rauner, F. and Zelloth, H. (ed.) The architecture of innovative apprenticeship Dordrecht Springer.
The art of concrete: building the South Bank arts centre
Wall, C., Clarke, L., McGuire, C. and Munoz-Rojas, O. 2012. The art of concrete: building the South Bank arts centre. University of Westminster.
Building the M1 motorway
Wall, C., Clarke, L., McGuire, C. and Munoz-Rojas, O. 2012. Building the M1 motorway. University of Westminster.
Building the Barbican 1962-1982
Wall, C., Clarke, L., McGuire, C. and Munoz-Rojas, O. 2012. Building the Barbican 1962-1982. University of Westminster.
The development of building labour in Britain in the twentieth century: is it distinct from elsewhere in Europe?
Clarke, L., McGuire, C. and Wall, C. 2012. The development of building labour in Britain in the twentieth century: is it distinct from elsewhere in Europe? in: Dainty, A. and Loosemore, M. (ed.) Human resource management in construction: critical perspectives (2nd edition) Taylor & Francis. pp. 51-79
Cross-national equivalence of skills and qualifications across Europe: EQF LC impact case study
Clarke, L. 2012. Cross-national equivalence of skills and qualifications across Europe: EQF LC impact case study.
Introduction in 'Climate change and construction labour'
Gleeson, C.P. and Clarke, L. 2011. Introduction in 'Climate change and construction labour'. CLR News. (4), pp. 6-7.
Building a community: construction workers in Stevenage, 1950-1970
Wall, C., McGuire, C., Clarke, L. and Brockmann, M. 2011. Building a community: construction workers in Stevenage, 1950-1970. University of Westminster.
Establishing equivalence through zones of mutual trust
Clarke, L. and Westerhuis, A. 2011. Establishing equivalence through zones of mutual trust. in: Brockmann, M., Clarke, L., Winch, C., Hanf, G., Méhaut, P. and Westerhuis, A. (ed.) Knowledge, skills and competence in the European labour market: what's in a vocational qualification? Abingdon Routledge. pp. 136-148
The forthcoming Olympics in London
Clarke, L. and Holborough, A. 2011. The forthcoming Olympics in London. CLR News. 2, pp. 44-53.
What’s the point of industrial relations?
Clarke, L., Donnelly, E., Hyman, R., Kelly, J., McKay, S. and Moore, S. 2011. What’s the point of industrial relations? The International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations. 27 (3), pp. 239-253.
Trade? Job? Or occupation? The development of occupational labour markets for bricklaying and lorry driving
Clarke, L. 2011. Trade? Job? Or occupation? The development of occupational labour markets for bricklaying and lorry driving. in: Brockmann, M., Clarke, L., Winch, C., Hanf, G., Méhaut, P. and Westerhuis, A. (ed.) Knowledge, skills and competence in the European labour market: what's in a vocational qualification? Abingdon Routledge. pp. 102-119
Building capitalism: historical change and the labour process in the production of built environment
Clarke, L. 2011. Building capitalism: historical change and the labour process in the production of built environment. London Taylor & Francis.
Introduction: cross-national equivalence of skills and qualifications across Europe?
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L., Winch, C., Hanf, G., Méhaut, P. and Westerhuis, A. 2011. Introduction: cross-national equivalence of skills and qualifications across Europe? in: Brockmann, M., Clarke, L., Winch, C., Hanf, G., Méhaut, P. and Westerhuis, A. (ed.) Knowledge, skills and competence in the European labour market: what's in a vocational qualification? Abingdon Routledge. pp. 1-21
Europäische qualifikationen und unterschiedliche kompetenzkonzepte
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2011. Europäische qualifikationen und unterschiedliche kompetenzkonzepte. in: Fischer, M., Becker, M. and Spöttl, G. (ed.) Kompetenzdiagnostik in der beruflichen bildung: probleme und perspektiven Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang.
The Apprenticeship Framework in England: a new beginning or a continuing sham?
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2010. The Apprenticeship Framework in England: a new beginning or a continuing sham? Journal of Education and Work. 23 (2), pp. 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639081003627439
50+ back to work evidence review and indicative guide for secondary data analysis
Vegeris, S., Smeaton, D. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2010. 50+ back to work evidence review and indicative guide for secondary data analysis. Norwich Department for Work and Pensions.
Understanding the worklessness and financial exclusion of Riverside tenants
Francavilla, F., Kasparova, D., Taylor, R.F., Smeaton, D. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2010. Understanding the worklessness and financial exclusion of Riverside tenants. London Policy Studies Institute.
Skilled versus qualified labour: the exclusion of women from the construction industry
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2010. Skilled versus qualified labour: the exclusion of women from the construction industry. in: Davis, M. (ed.) Class and gender in British labour history: Renewing the debate (or starting it?) Merlin Press.
The dynamics of migrant employment in construction: can supply of skilled labour ever match demand?
Chan, P., Clarke, L. and Dainty, A. 2010. The dynamics of migrant employment in construction: can supply of skilled labour ever match demand? in: Ruhs, M. and Anderson, B. (ed.) Who needs migrant workers? Labour shortages, immigration, and public policy Oxford Oxford University Press. pp. 225-255
The distinct nature of work-based VET in England: a reflection of employer interests?
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2010. The distinct nature of work-based VET in England: a reflection of employer interests? in: Smith, E. and Rauner, F. (ed.) Rediscovering apprenticeship: research findings of the International Network on Innovative Apprenticeship (INAP) Dordrecht Springer.
Enabling and disabling: disability in the British and Dutch construction sectors
Clarke, L., van der Meer, M., Bingham, C., Michielsens, E. and Miller, S. 2009. Enabling and disabling: disability in the British and Dutch construction sectors. Construction Management and Economics. 27 (6), pp. 555-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190902977445
Difficulties in recognising vocational skills and qualifications across Europe
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2009. Difficulties in recognising vocational skills and qualifications across Europe. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice. 16 (1), pp. 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940802704153
'A woman's place is where she wants to work': barriers to the entry and retention of women into the skilled building trades
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2009. 'A woman's place is where she wants to work': barriers to the entry and retention of women into the skilled building trades. Scottish Labour History. 44, pp. 16-39.
Competence and competency in the EQF and in European VET systems
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2009. Competence and competency in the EQF and in European VET systems. Journal of European Industrial Training. 33 (8/9), pp. 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910993634
Research report 43: Older workers: employment preferences, barriers and solutions
Smeaton, D., Vegeris, S. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2009. Research report 43: Older workers: employment preferences, barriers and solutions. Manchester EHRC.
Forum: A historical context for theories underpinning the production of the built environment
Clarke, L. and Janssen, J. 2008. Forum: A historical context for theories underpinning the production of the built environment. Building Research and Information. 36 (6), pp. 659-662. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210802387659
Trade union education: some thoughts from the past
Clarke, L., Gold, M. and Stuttard, G. 2008. Trade union education: some thoughts from the past. Post-16 Educator. 48, pp. 21-23.
Competence-based vocational education and training (VET): the cases of England and France in a European perspective
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L., Méhaut, P. and Winch, C. 2008. Competence-based vocational education and training (VET): the cases of England and France in a European perspective. Vocations and Learning. 1 (3), pp. 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-008-9013-2
Obstacles to diversity in construction: the example of Heathrow Terminal 5
Clarke, L. and Gribling, M. 2008. Obstacles to diversity in construction: the example of Heathrow Terminal 5. Construction Management and Economics. 26 (10), pp. 1055-1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190802326776
Knowledge, skills, competence: European divergences in vocational education and training (VET): the English, German and Dutch cases
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2008. Knowledge, skills, competence: European divergences in vocational education and training (VET): the English, German and Dutch cases. Oxford Review of Education. 34 (5), pp. 547-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980701782098
Implementing diversity employment policies: examples from large London companies
Michielsens, E., Bingham, C., Clarke, L., Miller, S., Urwin, P.J., Siara, B. and Karuk, V. 2008. Implementing diversity employment policies: examples from large London companies. London London First and University of Westminster.
Zones of mutual trust? Qualifications, occupations and skills: the cases of England, France, Netherlands and German
Clarke, L., Brockmann, M. and Winch, C. 2008. Zones of mutual trust? Qualifications, occupations and skills: the cases of England, France, Netherlands and German. International Labour Process Conference. Dublin 18 – 20 March 2008
Apprenticeship in England: scope for expansion?
Clarke, L., Brockmann, M. and Winch, C. 2008. Apprenticeship in England: scope for expansion? Network on Innovative Apprenticeship Conference (INAP). Vienna 1 - 2 Feb 2008
Zones of Mutual Trust? Qualifications, occupations and skills: the cases of England, France, Netherlands and Germany
Clarke, L. 2008. Zones of Mutual Trust? Qualifications, occupations and skills: the cases of England, France, Netherlands and Germany. Industrial Relations in Europe Conference (IREC). University of Greenwich 23 – 25 June 2008
Convergence or divergence in competence-based VET systems: occupational families of trust and mistrust in England, France, the Netherlands and Germany
Clarke, L. 2008. Convergence or divergence in competence-based VET systems: occupational families of trust and mistrust in England, France, the Netherlands and Germany. 9th International Conference on Human Resource Development, Symposium on European approaches to competence. Lille 21 – 23 May 2008
Länderübergreifende gleichwertigkeit beruflicher fertigkeiten und qualifikationen
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2008. Länderübergreifende gleichwertigkeit beruflicher fertigkeiten und qualifikationen. Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Zeitschrift des Bundesinstituts fur Berufssbildung. 5.
Can performance-related learning outcomes have standards?
Brockmann, M., Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2008. Can performance-related learning outcomes have standards? Journal of European Industrial Training. 32 (2/3), pp. 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590810861659
Network on Ethnicity and Women Scientists: state of the art report on the UK
Hudson, M. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2007. Network on Ethnicity and Women Scientists: state of the art report on the UK. Network on Ethnicity and Women Scientists.
Evaluation of the Pension Increase Pledge: Evidence from the first year of implementation
Sahin-Dikmen, M., Barnes, H. and Wilkinson, D. 2007. Evaluation of the Pension Increase Pledge: Evidence from the first year of implementation. A report of research carried out by Policy Studies Institute on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions.
A social or a capabilities model? Approaches to disability in the construction and health sectors in Britain and the Netherlands compared
van der Meer, M., Clarke, L., Michielsens, E. and Miller, S. 2007. A social or a capabilities model? Approaches to disability in the construction and health sectors in Britain and the Netherlands compared. SASE 19th Annual Meeting on Socio-Economics. Copenhagen Business School, Denmark 28 - 30 Jun 2007
Vocational education: conceptual differences between Britain and Germany
Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2007. Vocational education: conceptual differences between Britain and Germany. in: Beichel, J.J. and Fees, K. (ed.) Bildung oder outcome?: Leitideen der standardisierten Schule im Diskurs Herbolzheim, Germany Centaurus Verlag.
Skill shortages, recruitment and retention in the housebuilding sector
Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2007. Skill shortages, recruitment and retention in the housebuilding sector. Personnel Review. 36 (4), pp. 509-527. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710752777
Divergent divisions of labour
Clarke, L. 2007. Divergent divisions of labour. in: Dainty, A., Green, S. and Bagilhole, B. (ed.) People and culture in construction: a reader Taylor & Francis.
European skills framework? - but what are skills? Anglo-Saxon versus German concepts
Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2006. European skills framework? - but what are skills? Anglo-Saxon versus German concepts. Journal of Education and Work. 19 (3), pp. 255-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080600776870
Valuing labour
Clarke, L. 2006. Valuing labour. Building Research and Information. 34 (3), pp. 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210600635176
Vocational education: international approaches, developments and systems
Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2006. Vocational education: international approaches, developments and systems. London, UK Routledge.
Omitted from history: women in the building trades
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2006. Omitted from history: women in the building trades. in: Dunkeld, M., Campbell, J., Louw, H., Tutton, M., Addis, B., Powell, C. and Thorne, R. (ed.) Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History Cambridge, UK Construction History Society. pp. 35-59
Women in manual trades
Clarke, L., Michielsens, E. and Wall, C. 2006. Women in manual trades. in: Gale, A.W. and Davidson, M.J. (ed.) Managing diversity and equality in construction: initiatives and practice London, UK Taylor & Francis. pp. 151-168
Enabling and disabling labour market sectors; disability and employment in Britain and the Netherlands
Bingham, C., Clarke, L., Michielsens, E. and Miller, S. 2006. Enabling and disabling labour market sectors; disability and employment in Britain and the Netherlands. 24th Annual International Labour Process Conference. London, UK 10-12 Apr 2006
Gender and ethnic minority exclusion from skilled occupations in construction: a Western European comparison
Byrne, J., Clarke, L. and van der Meer, M. 2005. Gender and ethnic minority exclusion from skilled occupations in construction: a Western European comparison. Construction Management and Economics. 23 (10), pp. 1025-1034. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190500310759
From craft to qualified building labour in Britain: a comparative approach
Clarke, L. 2005. From craft to qualified building labour in Britain: a comparative approach. Labor History. 46 (4), pp. 473-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236560500266274
The European construction social partners: gender equality in theory and practice
Clarke, L., Pedersen, E.F., Michielsens, E. and Susman, B. 2005. The European construction social partners: gender equality in theory and practice. European Journal of Industrial Relations. 11 (2), pp. 151-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680105053961
The charter of fundamental rights: what guarantee of the social equity of reforms?
Clarke, L. 2005. The charter of fundamental rights: what guarantee of the social equity of reforms? Institut de la Protection Sociale Européenne Conference. London, UK Jul 2005
Ethnically segregated sectors: forces of exclusion and inclusion
Clarke, L. 2005. Ethnically segregated sectors: forces of exclusion and inclusion. Trade Unions Against Racism (les Syndicats Contre le Racisme) Conference. Paris, France 20-21 Oct 2005
Divergent divisions of construction labour
Clarke, L. 2005. Divergent divisions of construction labour. in: Khosrowshahi, F. (ed.) Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference, SOAS, London, September 2005 Reading, UK ARCOM.
Approaches to skills and training
Clarke, L. 2005. Approaches to skills and training. ARCOM Doctoral Workshop on Skills, Training and Development in the Construction Industry. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 30 Nov 2005
A European skills framework? - but what are skills? Anglo-Saxon versus German concepts
Clarke, L. 2005. A European skills framework? - but what are skills? Anglo-Saxon versus German concepts. Second International Conference on Training, Employability and Employment (CTEE). Prato, Italy 22-23 Sep 2005
Ethnic minority outreach: an evaluation
Barnes, H., Hudson, M., Parry, J., Sahin-Dikmen, M., Taylor, R.F. and Wilkinson, D. 2005. Ethnic minority outreach: an evaluation. Leeds, UK Corporate Document Services.
Cost vs. production: labour deployment and productivity in social housing construction in England, Scotland, Denmark and Germany
Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2004. Cost vs. production: labour deployment and productivity in social housing construction in England, Scotland, Denmark and Germany. Construction Management and Economics. 22 (10), pp. 1057-1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619042000213300
Apprenticeship and applied theoretical knowledge
Clarke, L. and Winch, C. 2004. Apprenticeship and applied theoretical knowledge. Educational Philosophy and Theory. 36 (5), pp. 509-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2004.087_1.x
Cost vs. production: disparities in social housing construction in Britain and Germany
Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2004. Cost vs. production: disparities in social housing construction in Britain and Germany. Construction Management and Economics. 22 (5), pp. 521-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190310001649119
Maternity and paternity rights in Britain 2002: survey of parents
Hudson, M., Lissenburgh, S. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2004. Maternity and paternity rights in Britain 2002: survey of parents. London, UK Department for Work and Pensions.
Now you're in, now you're out: women's changing participation in the building trades in Britain
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2004. Now you're in, now you're out: women's changing participation in the building trades in Britain. in: Clarke, L., Pedersen, E.F., Michielsens, E., Susman, B. and Wall, C. (ed.) Women in construction Bruxelles, Belgium CLR/Reed Business Information. pp. 24-47
Introduction
Clarke, L., Pedersen, E.F., Michielsens, E., Susman, B. and Wall, C. 2004. Introduction. in: Clarke, L., Pedersen, E.F., Michielsens, E., Susman, B. and Wall, C. (ed.) Women in construction Bruxelles, Belgium CLR/Reed Business Information. pp. 8-22
The institutionalisation of skill division in Britain and Germany: examples from the construction industry
Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2004. The institutionalisation of skill division in Britain and Germany: examples from the construction industry. in: Warhurst, C., Grugulis, I. and Keep, E. (ed.) The skills that matter Basingstoke, UK Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 128-147
Architecture and race: a study of black and ethnic minority students in the profession
Barnes, H., Parry, J., Sahin-Dikmen, M. and Bonjour, D. 2004. Architecture and race: a study of black and ethnic minority students in the profession. London, UK Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment.
Regulation for survival: training and skills in the construction labour market in Jersey, Channel Islands
Arkani, S., Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 2003. Regulation for survival: training and skills in the construction labour market in Jersey, Channel Islands. Journal of Vocational Education and Training. 55 (3), pp. 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820300200234
The state of construction training and employment in the local economy of Jersey
Arkani, S., Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 2003. The state of construction training and employment in the local economy of Jersey. Local Economy. 18 (3), pp. 196-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269094032000143368
'Front-loaded' vocational education versus lifelong learning: a critique of current UK government policy
Winch, C. and Clarke, L. 2003. 'Front-loaded' vocational education versus lifelong learning: a critique of current UK government policy. Oxford Review of Education. 29 (2), pp. 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305498032000080701
EU enlargement: construction labour relations as a pilot
Clarke, L., Cremers, J. and Janssen, J. 2003. EU enlargement: construction labour relations as a pilot. Brussels, Belgium Reed Business Information.
Gender and ethnic segregation in the British labour market: marginalisation and inclusion
Beck, V., Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 2003. Gender and ethnic segregation in the British labour market: marginalisation and inclusion. 3rd International Gender Work and Organisation Conference. Keele, UK 25-27 Jun 2003
Working with interpreters and translators in qualitative research: issues of quality and equality
Barnes, H. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2003. Working with interpreters and translators in qualitative research: issues of quality and equality. Social Research Association Annual Conference. London, UK 03 Dec 2003
Making second chances work : final report from the Qualitative Evaluation of Adult Basic Skills Pathfinder Extension Activities
Barnes, H., Hudson, M., Taylor, R.F., Parry, J. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2003. Making second chances work : final report from the Qualitative Evaluation of Adult Basic Skills Pathfinder Extension Activities. London, UK Department for Education and Skills.
Discrimination in Europe: Findings from analysis of EUROSTATS on perceptions and personal experiences
Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2002. Discrimination in Europe: Findings from analysis of EUROSTATS on perceptions and personal experiences. PSI Seminar Series. London
Discrimination in Europe (Report C)
Marsh, A. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2002. Discrimination in Europe (Report C). London, UK European Commission Directorate General, Employment and Social Affairs.
Discrimination in Europe (Report B)
Marsh, A. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2002. Discrimination in Europe (Report B). London, UK European Commission Directorate General, Employment and Social Affairs.
Discrimination in Europe (Report A)
Marsh, A. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2002. Discrimination in Europe (Report A). London, UK European Commission Directorate General, Employment and Social Affairs.
The institutionalisation of class divisions: education and training for professionals and operatives in the construction industry.
Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2002. The institutionalisation of class divisions: education and training for professionals and operatives in the construction industry. First International Conference on Training, Employability and Employment. London, UK 11-12 Jul 2002
Regulation of the labour process vs. control of the building product
Clarke, L. and Beck, V. 2002. Regulation of the labour process vs. control of the building product. 20th Annual International Labour Process Conference. Strathclyde, UK 02-04 Apr 2002
Gender and ethnic segregation in the British labour market: mechanisms of marginalisation and inclusion
Beck, V., Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 2002. Gender and ethnic segregation in the British labour market: mechanisms of marginalisation and inclusion. Gender Research Forum: the Gender Pay and Productivity Gap. London, UK 08 Nov 2002
Equality for women and ethnic minorities in an unequal labour market: comparing the UK and Germany.
Beck, V., Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 2002. Equality for women and ethnic minorities in an unequal labour market: comparing the UK and Germany. BUIRA 2002 Annual Conference. Stirling, UK 04 Jul - 06 Jul 2002
Gleichstellung von Frauen und ethnische Minderheiten in einem von Benachteilingungen gepraegten Arbeitsmarkt: Das Beispiel Grossbritannien
Beck, V. and Clarke, L. 2002. Gleichstellung von Frauen und ethnische Minderheiten in einem von Benachteilingungen gepraegten Arbeitsmarkt: Das Beispiel Grossbritannien. Zeitschrift fur Frauenforschung Geschlecterstudien. 1/2, pp. 89-97.
Minority ethnic students and practitioners in architecture: a scoping study for the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment
Barnes, H., Bonjour, D. and Sahin-Dikmen, M. 2002. Minority ethnic students and practitioners in architecture: a scoping study for the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. London, UK Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment.
Regulation and control of the labour process and the division of skill
Arkani, S., Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2002. Regulation and control of the labour process and the division of skill. 20th Annual International Labour Process Conference. Glasgow, UK 02-04 Apr 2002
How insular is an island?: training, skills and the construction labour market in Jersey, Channel Islands
Michielsens, E., Clarke, L. and Arkani, S. 2001. How insular is an island?: training, skills and the construction labour market in Jersey, Channel Islands. 19th Annual International Labour Process Conference. London, UK 26-28 Mar 2001
Diverse equality: the example of the construction sector
Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 2001. Diverse equality: the example of the construction sector. in: Noon, M. and Ogbonna, E. (ed.) Equality, diversity and disadvantage in employment Basingstoke, UK Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 118-135
Innovation and skills: a transnational study of skills, education and training for prefabrication in housing
Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2001. Innovation and skills: a transnational study of skills, education and training for prefabrication in housing. London, UK University of Westminster Business School.
Cost versus production: disparities in construction labour process in Europe
Clarke, L. and Herrmann, G. 2001. Cost versus production: disparities in construction labour process in Europe. 19th Annual International Labour Process Conference. London, UK 26-28 Mar 2001
Craft versus industry: the division of labour in European housing construction
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 2000. Craft versus industry: the division of labour in European housing construction. Construction Management and Economics. 18 (6), pp. 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1080/014461900414745
Balancing acts in construction: a study of two women painters in Denmark and Britain
Clarke, L., Pedersen, E.F. and Wall, C. 1999. Balancing acts in construction: a study of two women painters in Denmark and Britain. NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research. 7 (2), pp. 138-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/08038749950167652
UK construction skills in the context of European developments
Clarke, L. and Wall, C. 1998. UK construction skills in the context of European developments. Construction Management and Economics. 16 (5), pp. 553-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/014461998372097
Desegregating construction
Wall, C., Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 1998. Desegregating construction. Work, Employment and Society Conference. University of Cambridge 14th -16th September 1998
Blueprint for change: construction skills training in Britain
Wall, C. and Clarke, L. Padayachee, V. (ed.) 1998. Blueprint for change: construction skills training in Britain. Policy Press.
A fair day's work: women in direct labour organisations
Wall, C., Clarke, L. and Michielsens, E. 1997. A fair day's work: women in direct labour organisations. London Women and Manual Trades.
Staying power: women in direct labour building teams
Wall, C. and Clarke, L. 1996. Staying power: women in direct labour building teams. London Women and Manual Trades.
Skills and the construction process: a comparative study of vocational training and quality in social housebuilding
Wall, C. and Clarke, L. 1996. Skills and the construction process: a comparative study of vocational training and quality in social housebuilding. Policy Press.
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