Psychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic review of prospective evidence

Turner, A.I., Smyth, N., Hall, S.J., Torres, S.J., Hussein, M., Jayasinghe, S.U., Ball, K. and Clow, A. 2020. Psychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 114 104599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104599

TitlePsychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic review of prospective evidence
TypeJournal article
AuthorsTurner, A.I., Smyth, N., Hall, S.J., Torres, S.J., Hussein, M., Jayasinghe, S.U., Ball, K. and Clow, A.
Abstract

Background
Acute psychological stress activates the sympatho-adrenal medullary (SAM) system and hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The relevance of this stress reactivity to long-term health and disease outcomes is of great importance. We examined prospective studies in apparently healthy adults to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of the response to acute psychological stress in healthy adults is related to future health and disease outcomes.
Methods
We searched Medline Complete, PsycINFO, CINAHL Complete and Embase up to 15 Aug 2019. Included studies were peer-reviewed, English-language, prospective studies in apparently healthy adults. The exposure was acute psychological stress reactivity (SAM system or HPA axis) at baseline. The outcome was any health or disease outcome at follow-up after ≥ 1 year.
Results
We identified 1,719 papers through database searching and 1 additional paper through other sources. Forty-seven papers met our criteria including 32,866 participants (range 30 – 4100) with 1- 23 years of follow-up. Overall, one third (32%; 83/263) of all reported findings were significant and two thirds (68%; 180/263) were null. With regard to the significant findings, both exaggerated (i.e. high) and blunted (i.e. low) stress reactivity of both the SAM system and the HPA axis at baseline were related to health and disease outcomes at follow-up. Exaggerated stress reactivity at baseline predicted an increase in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and decreased telomere length at follow-up. In contrast, blunted stress reactivity predicted future increased adiposity and obesity, more depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms, greater illness frequency, musculoskeletal pain and regulatory T-Cell percentage, poorer cognitive ability, poorer self-reported health and physical disability and lower bone mass.
Conclusion
Exaggerated and blunted SAM system and HPA axis stress reactivity predicted distinct physical and mental health and disease outcomes over time. Results from prospective studies consistently indicate stress reactivity as a predictor for future health and disease outcomes. Dysregulation of stress reactivity may represent a mechanism by which psychological stress contributes to the development of future health and disease outcomes.

Keywordsacute stress, blood pressure, heart rate, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, sympatho- adrenal medullary system, hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis, health outcomes, disease outcomes
Article number104599
JournalPsychoneuroendocrinology
Journal citation114
ISSN0306-4530
Year2020
PublisherElsevier
Accepted author manuscript
License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104599
Web address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453020300184?via%3Dihub
Publication dates
Published online01 Feb 2020

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Draper, A., Clow, A., Lynch, R., Jain, S., Philips, G., Petticrew, M. and Renton, A. 2012. Building a logic model for a complex intervention: a worked example from the Well London CRCT. Population Health: Methods and Challenges, MRC Conference. ICC Birmingham 23-25 April 2012

Complaints about dog faeces as a symbolic representation of incivility in London, UK: a qualitative study
Derges, J., Lynch, R., Clow, A., Pettigrew, M. and Draper, A. 2012. Complaints about dog faeces as a symbolic representation of incivility in London, UK: a qualitative study. Critical Public Health. 22 (4), pp. 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2012.710738

What are the specific pathways and project components that have a positive impact on the well-being of participants in a ‘well London’ project?
Derges, J., Draper, A., Clow, A., Lynch, R. and Jain, S. 2012. What are the specific pathways and project components that have a positive impact on the well-being of participants in a ‘well London’ project? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 66 (S1), p. A57. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201753.147

Seasonal differences in the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion in healthy participants and those with self-assessed seasonal affective disorder
Thorn, L., Evans, P., Cannon, A., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 2011. Seasonal differences in the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion in healthy participants and those with self-assessed seasonal affective disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36 (6), pp. 816-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.11.003

A randomised placebo-controlled trial of oral hydrocortisone for treating tobacco withdrawal symptoms
Ussher, M., Aveyard, P., Reid, F., West, R., Evans, P., Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F., Fuller, J., Ibison, J. and Steptoe, A. 2011. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of oral hydrocortisone for treating tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology. 216 (1), pp. 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2191-x

Associations between the cortisol awakening response and heart rate variability
Stalder, T., Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 2011. Associations between the cortisol awakening response and heart rate variability. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36 (4), pp. 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.020

The diurnal cortisol cycle and cognitive performance in the healthy old
Evans, P., Fredhoi, C., Loveday, C., Hucklebridge, F., Aitchison, E., Forte, D. and Clow, A. 2011. The diurnal cortisol cycle and cognitive performance in the healthy old. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 79 (3), pp. 371-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.12.006

Anxious attachment style and salivary cortisol dysregulation in healthy female children and adolescents
Oskis, A., Loveday, C., Hucklebridge, F., Thorn, L. and Clow, A. 2011. Anxious attachment style and salivary cortisol dysregulation in healthy female children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 52 (2), pp. 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02296.x

State associations with the cortisol awakening response in healthy females
Stalder, T., Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 2010. State associations with the cortisol awakening response in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 35 (8), pp. 1245-1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.014

The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA axis function
Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F., Stalder, T., Evans, P. and Thorn, L. 2010. The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA axis function. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (1), pp. 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.011

Associations between psychosocial state variables and the cortisol awakening response in a single case study
Stalder, T., Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 2010. Associations between psychosocial state variables and the cortisol awakening response in a single case study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 35 (2), pp. 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.006

The cortisol awakening response in context
Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F. and Thorn, L. 2010. The cortisol awakening response in context. International Review of Neurobiology. 93, pp. 153-175.

Editorial - The iceberg of social disadvantage and chronic stress: implications for public health
Clow, A. 2010. Editorial - The iceberg of social disadvantage and chronic stress: implications for public health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (1), p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.002

Use of a single case study design to examine state variation in the cortisol awakening response: relationship with time of awakening
Stalder, T., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2009. Use of a single case study design to examine state variation in the cortisol awakening response: relationship with time of awakening. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34 (4), pp. 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.023

The cortisol awakening response, seasonality, stress and arousal: a study of trait and state influences
Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2009. The cortisol awakening response, seasonality, stress and arousal: a study of trait and state influences. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34 (3), pp. 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.11.005

Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females
Oskis, A., Loveday, C., Hucklebridge, F., Thorn, L. and Clow, A. 2009. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34 (3), pp. 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.009

Practice Nurses' views of their role in the management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalagic Encephalitis: a qualitative study
Chew-Graham, C., Dixon, R., Shaw, J.W., Smyth, N., Lovell, K. and Peters, S. 2009. Practice Nurses' views of their role in the management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalagic Encephalitis: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing. 8 (2). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-8-2

Evaluation of community level interventions to address social and structural determinants of health: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Wall, M., Hayes, R., Moore, D.G., Pettigrew, M., Clow, A., Schmidt, E., Draper, A., Lock, K., Lynch, R. and Renton, A. 2009. Evaluation of community level interventions to address social and structural determinants of health: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 9 (207), p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-207

Associations between positive emotion and recovery of functional status following stroke
Ostir, G.V., Berges, I.M., Ottenbacher, M.E., Clow, A. and Ottenbacher, K.J. 2008. Associations between positive emotion and recovery of functional status following stroke. Psychosomatic Medicine. 70 (4), pp. 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31816fd7d0

Cortisol secretory activity in older people in relation to positive and negative well-being
Evans, P., Forte, D., Jacobs, C., Fredhoi, C., Aitchison, E., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 2007. Cortisol secretory activity in older people in relation to positive and negative well-being. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 32 (8-10), pp. 922-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.017

Suspected non-adherence and weekend versus week day differences in the awakening cortisol response
Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2006. Suspected non-adherence and weekend versus week day differences in the awakening cortisol response. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31 (8), pp. 1009-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.05.012

Post-awakening cortisol secretion during basic military training
Clow, A., Edwards, S., Owen, G., Evans, G., Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F. and Casey, A. 2006. Post-awakening cortisol secretion during basic military training. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 60 (1), pp. 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.05.007

Stressful life events are associated with low secretion rates of immunoglobulin A in saliva in the middle aged and elderly
Phillips, A.C., Carroll, D., Evans, P., Bosch, J.A., Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F. and Der, G. 2006. Stressful life events are associated with low secretion rates of immunoglobulin A in saliva in the middle aged and elderly. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 20 (2), pp. 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2005.06.006

Normalisation of salivary cortisol levels and self-report stress by a brief lunchtime visit to an art gallery by London City workers
Clow, A. and Fredhoi, C. 2006. Normalisation of salivary cortisol levels and self-report stress by a brief lunchtime visit to an art gallery by London City workers. Journal of Holistic Healthcare. 3 (2), pp. 29-32.

Salivary cortisol, stress and arousal following five weeks training in kinesthetic meditation to undergraduate students
Bullen, V., Fredhoi, C., Bloom, W., Povey, J., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2006. Salivary cortisol, stress and arousal following five weeks training in kinesthetic meditation to undergraduate students. Journal of Holistic Healthcare. 3 (3), pp. 34-38.

Reduction in cortisol after smoking cessation among users of nicotine patches
Ussher, M., West, R., Evans, P., Steptoe, A., McEwen, A., Clow, A. and Hucklebridge, F. 2006. Reduction in cortisol after smoking cessation among users of nicotine patches. Psychosomatic Medicine. 68 (2), pp. 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000204926.27215.a1

The diurnal patterns of the adrenal steroids cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in relation to awakening
Hucklebridge, F., Hussain, T., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2005. The diurnal patterns of the adrenal steroids cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in relation to awakening. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30 (1), pp. 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.007

Acute reduction in secretory immunoglobulin A following smoking cessation
Ussher, M., West, R., Evans, P., Steptoe, A., McEwen, A., Clow, A. and Hucklebridge, F. 2004. Acute reduction in secretory immunoglobulin A following smoking cessation. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29 (10), pp. 1335-1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.004

Cortisol response and subjective sleep disturbance after low frequency noise exposure
Perrson Waye, K., Agge, A., Clow, A. and Hucklebridge, F. 2004. Cortisol response and subjective sleep disturbance after low frequency noise exposure. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 277 (3), pp. 453-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.03.004

The effect of dawn simulation on the cortisol response to awakening in healthy participants
Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F., Esgate, A., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2004. The effect of dawn simulation on the cortisol response to awakening in healthy participants. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29 (7), pp. 925-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.005

The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance
Clow, A., Thorn, L., Evans, P. and Hucklebridge, F. 2004. The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance. Stress. 7 (1), pp. 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890410001667205

Decreased pain tolerance and mood in recreational users of MDMA
O'Regan, M.C. and Clow, A. 2004. Decreased pain tolerance and mood in recreational users of MDMA. Psychopharmacology. 173 (3-4), pp. 446-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1748-8

The impact of psychological stress on immune function in the athletic population
Clow, A. and Hucklebridge, F. 2004. The impact of psychological stress on immune function in the athletic population. Exercise Immunology Review. 7, pp. 5-17.

Cortisol as a biomarker of stress
Clow, A. 2004. Cortisol as a biomarker of stress. Journal of Holistic Healthcare. 1, pp. 10-14.

Components of the diurnal cortisol cycle in relation to upper respiratory symptoms and perceived stress
Edwards, S., Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A. and Evans, P. 2003. Components of the diurnal cortisol cycle in relation to upper respiratory symptoms and perceived stress. Psychosomatic Medicine. 65 (2), pp. 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000033123.70631.8E

Effects of nighttime low frequency noise on the cortisol response to awakening and subjective sleep quality
Persson Waye, K., Clow, A., Edwards, S., Hucklebridge, F. and Rylander, R. 2003. Effects of nighttime low frequency noise on the cortisol response to awakening and subjective sleep quality. Life Sciences. 72 (8), pp. 863-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(02)02336-6

An investigation into asymmetrical cortical regulation of salivary S-IgA in conscious man using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Clow, A., Lambert, S., Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F. and Higuchi, K. 2003. An investigation into asymmetrical cortical regulation of salivary S-IgA in conscious man using transcranial magnetic stimulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 47 (1), pp. 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(02)00093-4

Effects of short- and long-term (-)-deprenyl administration on mRNA for copper, zinc- and manganese-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in rat brain
Kunikowska, G., Gallagher, I., Glover, V., Clow, A. and Jenner, P. 2002. Effects of short- and long-term (-)-deprenyl administration on mRNA for copper, zinc- and manganese-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in rat brain. Brain Research. 953 (1-2), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03187-6

The awakening cortisol response: no evidence for an influence of body posture
Hucklebridge, F., Mellins, J., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2002. The awakening cortisol response: no evidence for an influence of body posture. Life Sciences. 71 (6), pp. 639-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01726-5

Neuroimmune relationships in perspective
Clow, A. and Hucklebridge, F. 2002. Neuroimmune relationships in perspective. International Review of Neurobiology. 52 (1), pp. 1-15.

Ultrasound measures of bone and the diurnal free cortisol cycle: a positive association with the awakening cortisol response in healthy premenopausal women
Brooke-Wavell, K., Clow, A., Ghazi-Noori, S., Evans, P. and Hucklebridge, F. 2002. Ultrasound measures of bone and the diurnal free cortisol cycle: a positive association with the awakening cortisol response in healthy premenopausal women. Calcified Tissue International. 70 (6), pp. 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-001-2085-8

Low frequency noise enhances cortisol among noise sensitive subjects during work performance
Persson Waye, K., Bengtsson, J., Rylander, R., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 2002. Low frequency noise enhances cortisol among noise sensitive subjects during work performance. Life Sciences. 70 (7), pp. 745-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01450-3

Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity
Edwards, S., Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 2001. Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 26 (6), pp. 613-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00015-4

Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity
Edwards, S., Clow, A., Evans, P. and Hucklebridge, F. 2001. Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Life Sciences. 68 (18), pp. 2093-2103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)00996-1

CuZn-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice: no effect on longevity, locomotor activity and 3H-mazindol and 3H-spiperone binding over 19 months
Gallagher, I., Jenner, P., Glover, V. and Clow, A. 2000. CuZn-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice: no effect on longevity, locomotor activity and 3H-mazindol and 3H-spiperone binding over 19 months. Neuroscience Letters. 289 (3), pp. 221-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01279-9

Modulation of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva; response to manipulation of mood
Hucklebridge, F., Lambert, S., Clow, A., Warburton, D.M., Evans, P. and Sherwood, N. 2000. Modulation of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva; response to manipulation of mood. Biological Psychology. 53 (1), pp. 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00040-5

The cortisol response to normal and nocturnal awakening
Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A., Rahman, H. and Evans, P. 2000. The cortisol response to normal and nocturnal awakening. Journal of Psychophysiology. 14 (1), pp. 24-28. https://doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.14.1.24

Mind, immunity and health: the science of psychoneuroimmunology
Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 2000. Mind, immunity and health: the science of psychoneuroimmunology. London Free Association.

Endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity and HPA activation in the pig
Clow, A., Vellucci, S.V., Parrott, R.F., Hucklebridge, F., Sen, S. and Evans, P. 1999. Endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity and HPA activation in the pig. Life Sciences. 66 (1), pp. 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00559-7

Long term effects of pergolide and (-)-deprenyl on 3H-mazindol and 3H-spiperone binding in rat brain
Gallagher, I., Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Glover, V. 1999. Long term effects of pergolide and (-)-deprenyl on 3H-mazindol and 3H-spiperone binding in rat brain. Neurobiology of Aging. 20 (6), pp. 709-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00026-3

The awakening cortisol response and blood glucose levels
Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A., Abeyguneratne, T., Huezo-Diaz, P. and Evans, P. 1999. The awakening cortisol response and blood glucose levels. Life Sciences. 64 (11), pp. 931-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00019-3

Effect of long-term administration of pergolide and (-) -deprenyl on age related decline in Hole Board activity and antioxidant activity in rats
Gallagher, I., Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Glover, V. 1999. Effect of long-term administration of pergolide and (-) -deprenyl on age related decline in Hole Board activity and antioxidant activity in rats. Biogenic Amines. 15, pp. 379-393.

The relationship between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A and cortisol: neuroendocrine response to awakening and the diurnal cycle
Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A. and Evans, P. 1998. The relationship between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A and cortisol: neuroendocrine response to awakening and the diurnal cycle. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 31 (1), pp. 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(98)00042-7

Mind-body influences on immunity: lateralised control, stress, individual differences, and prophylaxis
Gruzelier, J., Clow, A., Evans, P., Lazar, I. and Walker, L. 1998. Mind-body influences on immunity: lateralised control, stress, individual differences, and prophylaxis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 851, pp. 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09027.x

The relationship between circadian patterns of salivary cortisol and endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A
Hucklebridge, F., Sen, S., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 1998. The relationship between circadian patterns of salivary cortisol and endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A. Life Sciences. 62 (25), pp. 2321-2328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00213-6

Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular responses to mental arithmetic and cold pressor
Willemsen, G., Ring, C., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 1998. Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular responses to mental arithmetic and cold pressor. Psychophysiology. 35 (3), pp. 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3530252

Regional and molecular separation of the four bioactivities of ‘tribulin’
Hucklebridge, F., Doyle, A., Pang, F.Y., Adlard, M., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 1998. Regional and molecular separation of the four bioactivities of ‘tribulin’. Neuroscience Letters. 240 (1), pp. 29-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00916-6

The role and regulation of monoamines in stress
Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F. and Evans, P. 1998. The role and regulation of monoamines in stress. in: Levi, A., Grauer, E., Ben-Nathan, D. and de Kloet, E.R. (ed.) New frontiers in stress research: modulation of brain function Amsterdam Harwood Academic. pp. 21-31

The cortisol response to psychological challenge is preceded by a rise in endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.
Clow, A., Patel, S., Najafi, M., Evans, P. and Hucklebridge, F. 1997. The cortisol response to psychological challenge is preceded by a rise in endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Life Sciences. 61 (5), pp. 567-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00416-5

Raised blood albumin levels are associated with trait anxiety
Stones, A., Groome, D.H., Clow, A. and Hucklebridge, F. 1997. Raised blood albumin levels are associated with trait anxiety. Depression & Anxiety. 4 (3), pp. 151-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1996)4:3<151::AID-DA10>3.0.CO;2-V

Long term administration of (-)-deprenyl increases mortality in male wistar rats
Gallagher, I., Clow, A. and Glover, V. 1997. Long term administration of (-)-deprenyl increases mortality in male wistar rats. Journal of Neural Transmission (supplement). 52, pp. 321-326.

Endogenous monoamine oxidase A inhibitory activity (tribulin), measured in saliva, is related to cardiovascular reactivity in normal individuals
Clow, A., Doyle, A., Hucklebridge, F., Carroll, D., Ring, C., Shrimpton, J., Willemsen, G. and Evans, P. 1997. Endogenous monoamine oxidase A inhibitory activity (tribulin), measured in saliva, is related to cardiovascular reactivity in normal individuals. Journal of Neural Transmission (supplement). 52, pp. 77-83.

Modulation of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva in relation to an acute episode of stress and arousal
Bristow, M., Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A. and Evans, P. 1997. Modulation of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva in relation to an acute episode of stress and arousal. Journal of Psychophysiology. 11 (3), pp. 248-255.

Positive but not negative life events predict vulnerability to upper respiratory illness
Evans, P., Doyle, A., Hucklebridge, F. and Clow, A. 1996. Positive but not negative life events predict vulnerability to upper respiratory illness. British Journal of Health Psychology. 1 (4), pp. 339-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00514.x

Salivary monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitory activities correlate with stress
Doyle, A., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 1996. Salivary monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitory activities correlate with stress. Life Sciences. 59 (16), pp. 1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00461-4

Isatin: a link between natriuretic peptides and monoamines?
Medvedev, A.E., Clow, A., Sandler, M. and Glover, V. 1996. Isatin: a link between natriuretic peptides and monoamines? Biochemical Pharmacology. 52 (3), pp. 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(96)00206-7

Urinary output of endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity is related to everyday stress
Doyle, A., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 1996. Urinary output of endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity is related to everyday stress. Life Sciences. 58 (20), pp. 1723-1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00153-1

Tribulin and stress in normal individuals
Doyle, A., Pang, F.Y., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 1996. Tribulin and stress in normal individuals. in: McCarty, R., Aguilera, G., Sabban, E. and Kvetnansky, R. (ed.) Stress: molecular genetic and neurobiological advances Amsterdam Harwood Academic.

The relationship between isatin and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitory activity in urine
Pang, F.Y., Hucklebridge, F., Forster, G., Tan, K. and Clow, A. 1996. The relationship between isatin and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitory activity in urine. Stress Medicine. 12 (1), pp. 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199601)12:1<35::AID-SMI676>3.0.CO;2-2

Urinary cortisol and endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor(s), but not isatin, are raised in anticipation of stress and/or arousal in normal individuals
Doyle, A., Pang, F.Y., Bristow, M., Hucklebridge, F., Evans, P. and Clow, A. 1996. Urinary cortisol and endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor(s), but not isatin, are raised in anticipation of stress and/or arousal in normal individuals. Stress Medicine. 12 (1), pp. 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199601)12:1<43::AID-SMI677>3.0.CO;2-4

Effects of pergolide, (-)-deprenyl and thioridazine on soluble SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rat striata
Pattichis, K., Louca, L.L., Clow, A. and Glover, V. 1995. Effects of pergolide, (-)-deprenyl and thioridazine on soluble SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rat striata. Medical Science Research. 23, pp. 733-735.

Secretory immunoglobulin A as convenient biomarker in health survey work
Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A. and Doyle, A. 1995. Secretory immunoglobulin A as convenient biomarker in health survey work. in: Rodriguez-Martin, J. (ed.) Health psychology and quality of life research: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the European Health Psychology Society Alicante University of Alicante.

Stress, arousal, Cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A in students undergoing assessment
Evans, P., Bristow, M., Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A. and Pang, F.Y. 1994. Stress, arousal, Cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A in students undergoing assessment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 33 (4), pp. 575-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01154.x

Dysphoria and immune status in postpartum women
Hucklebridge, F., Smith, M.D., Clow, A., Evans, P., Glover, V., Taylor, A., Adams, D. and Lydyard, P.M. 1994. Dysphoria and immune status in postpartum women. Biological Psychology. 37 (3), pp. 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(94)90002-7

The effect of pergolide and MDL 72974 on rat brain CuZn superoxide dismutase
Clow, A., Freestone, C., Lewis, E., Dexter, D., Sandler, M. and Glover, V. 1993. The effect of pergolide and MDL 72974 on rat brain CuZn superoxide dismutase. Neuroscience Letters. 164 (1-2), pp. 41-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90852-C

The relationship between secretory immunity, mood and life-events
Evans, P., Bristow, M., Hucklebridge, F., Clow, A. and Walters, N. 1993. The relationship between secretory immunity, mood and life-events. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 32 (2), pp. 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01050.x

Effects of dopaminergic drugs on superoxide dismutase: implications for senescence
Glover, V., Clow, A. and Sandler, M. 1993. Effects of dopaminergic drugs on superoxide dismutase: implications for senescence. Journal of Neural Transmission (supplement). 40, pp. 37-45.

Changes in plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations in response to massage in preterm infants
Acolet, D., Modi, N., Giannakoulopoulos, X., Bond, C., Weg, W., Clow, A. and Glover, V. 1993. Changes in plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations in response to massage in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 68 (1), pp. 29-31. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.68.1_Spec_No.29

Inhibitory potency of some isatin analogues on human monoamine oxidase A and B
Medvedev, A.E., Goodwin, B.L., Clow, A., Halket, J., Glover, V. and Sandler, M. 1992. Inhibitory potency of some isatin analogues on human monoamine oxidase A and B. Biochemical Pharmacology. 44 (3), pp. 590-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(92)90454-Q

Pergolide can induce soluble Superoxide dismutase in rat striata
Clow, A., Hussain, T., Glover, V., Sandler, M., Walker, M. and Dexter, D. 1992. Pergolide can induce soluble Superoxide dismutase in rat striata. Journal of Neural Transmission. 90 (1), pp. 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01250515

Effect of aromatic amino acids, pentylenetetrazole and yohimbine on isatin and tribulin activity in rat brain
Bhattacharya, S.K., Clow, A., Przyborowska, A., Halket, J., Glover, V. and Sandler, M. 1991. Effect of aromatic amino acids, pentylenetetrazole and yohimbine on isatin and tribulin activity in rat brain. Neuroscience Letters. 132 (1), pp. 44-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(91)90429-W

(−)-Deprenyl can induce soluble superoxide dismutase in rat striata
Clow, A., Hussain, T., Glover, V., Sandler, M., Dexter, D. and Walker, M. 1991. (−)-Deprenyl can induce soluble superoxide dismutase in rat striata. Journal of Neural Transmission. 86 (1), pp. 77-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01250378

Isatin (indole-2,3-dione) in urine and tissues: detection and determination by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry
Halket, J., Watkins, P.J., Przyborowska, A., Goodwin, B.L., Clow, A., Glover, V. and Sandler, M. 1991. Isatin (indole-2,3-dione) in urine and tissues: detection and determination by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 562 (1-2), pp. 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(91)80585-Z

Isatin, regional distribution in rat brain and tissues
Watkins, P.J., Clow, A., Halket, J., Przyborowska, A. and Sandler, M. 1990. Isatin, regional distribution in rat brain and tissues. Neurochemistry International. 17 (2), pp. 321-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(90)90154-L

Stress reduces in vivo inhibition of monoamine oxidase by phenelzine in rat brain
Clow, A., Glover, V., Oxenkrug, G.F. and Sandler, M. 1989. Stress reduces in vivo inhibition of monoamine oxidase by phenelzine in rat brain. Neuroscience Letters. 107 (1-3), pp. 331-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(89)90841-0

Isatin and tribulin concentrations are increased in rabbit brain but not liver following pentylenetetrazole administration
Clow, A., Davidson, J., Glover, V., Halket, J., Milton, A.S., Sandler, M. and Watkins, P.J. 1989. Isatin and tribulin concentrations are increased in rabbit brain but not liver following pentylenetetrazole administration. Neuroscience Letters. 107 (1-3), pp. 327-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(89)90840-9

Tribulin: an endocoid marker for anxiety in man
Sandler, M., Clow, A., Watkins, P.J. and Glover, V. 1988. Tribulin: an endocoid marker for anxiety in man. Stress Medicine. 4 (4), pp. 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460040406

Isatin: identity with the purified endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor tribulin
Glover, V., Halket, J., Watkins, P.J., Clow, A., Goodwin, B.L. and Sandler, M. 1988. Isatin: identity with the purified endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor tribulin. Journal of Neurochemistry. 51 (2), pp. 656-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01089.x

Tribulin in post-traumatic stress disorder
Davidson, J., Glover, V., Clow, A., Kudler, H., Meador, K. and Sandler, M. 1988. Tribulin in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine. 18 (4), pp. 833-836. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700009764

Urinary catecholamine metabolite and tribulin output during lactate infusion
Clow, A., Glover, V., Weg, M.W., Walker, P.L., Sheehan, D.V., Carr, D.B. and Sandler, M. 1988. Urinary catecholamine metabolite and tribulin output during lactate infusion. British Journal of Psychiatry. 152, pp. 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.1.122

Increased urinary tribulin output in generalised anxiety disorder
Clow, A., Glover, V., Sandler, M. and Tiller, J. 1988. Increased urinary tribulin output in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacology. 95 (3), pp. 378-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00181951

Tribulin output in neurological disorders
Clow, A., Glover, V., Sandler, M., Elwes, R. and Reynolds, E.H. 1987. Tribulin output in neurological disorders. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 24 (3), pp. 403-404.

Purification and characterization of tribulin, an endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase and of benzodiazepine receptor binding
Elsworth, J.D., Dewar, D., Glover, V., Goodwin, B.L., Clow, A. and Sandler, M. 1986. Purification and characterization of tribulin, an endogenous inhibitor of monoamine oxidase and of benzodiazepine receptor binding. Journal of Neural Transmission. 67 (1-2), pp. 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01243358

Triazolam, an anomalous benzodiazepine receptor ligand: in vitro characterization of alprazolam and triazolam binding
Clow, A., Glover, V. and Sandler, M. 1985. Triazolam, an anomalous benzodiazepine receptor ligand: in vitro characterization of alprazolam and triazolam binding. Journal of Neurochemistry. 45 (2), pp. 621-625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb04031.x

Effects of discontinuous drug administration on the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity during chronic trifluoperazine or cis-flupenthixol administration to rats
Murugaiah, K., Theodorou, A., Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1985. Effects of discontinuous drug administration on the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity during chronic trifluoperazine or cis-flupenthixol administration to rats. Psychopharmacology. 86 (1-2), pp. 228-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00431715

New endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand in human urine: identity with endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor?
Clow, A., Glover, V., Armando, I. and Sandler, M. 1983. New endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand in human urine: identity with endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor? Life Sciences. 33 (8), pp. 735-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(83)90778-6

Ethanol preference in rats: increased consumption after intraventricular administration of tetrahydropapaveroline
Clow, A., Stolerman, I.P., Murray, R.M. and Sandler, M. 1983. Ethanol preference in rats: increased consumption after intraventricular administration of tetrahydropapaveroline. Neuropharmacology. 22 (4), pp. 563-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(83)90181-8

Raised endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor output in postwithdrawal alcoholics: effects of L-dopa and ethanol.
Bhattacharya, S.K., Glover, V., Sandler, M., Clow, A., Topham, A., Bernadt, M. and Murray, R.M. 1982. Raised endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor output in postwithdrawal alcoholics: effects of L-dopa and ethanol. Biological Psychiatry. 17 (7).

Chronic continuous administration of neuroleptic drugs alters cerebral dopamine receptors and increases spontaneous dopaminergic action in the striatum
Murugaiah, K., Theodorou, A., Mann, S., Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1982. Chronic continuous administration of neuroleptic drugs alters cerebral dopamine receptors and increases spontaneous dopaminergic action in the striatum. Nature. 296, pp. 570-572. https://doi.org/10.1038/296570a0

Chronic neuroleptic treatment specifically alters the number of dopamine receptors in rat brain
Theodorou, A., Gommeren, W., Clow, A., Leysen, J., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1981. Chronic neuroleptic treatment specifically alters the number of dopamine receptors in rat brain. Life Sciences. 28 (14), pp. 1621-1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(81)90317-9

Neuroleptic-induced acute dystonic reactions may be due to enhanced dopamine release on to supersensitive postsynaptic receptors
Kolbe, H., Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1981. Neuroleptic-induced acute dystonic reactions may be due to enhanced dopamine release on to supersensitive postsynaptic receptors. Neurology. 31 (4(2)), pp. 434-439.

During one year's neuroleptic treatment in rats, striatal dopamine receptor blockade decreases but serum prolactin levels remain elevated
Dyer, R.G., Murugaiah, K., Theodorou, A., Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1981. During one year's neuroleptic treatment in rats, striatal dopamine receptor blockade decreases but serum prolactin levels remain elevated. Life Sciences. 28 (2), pp. 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(81)90549-X

Stereoselective actions of substituted benzamide drugs on cerebral dopamine mechanisms
Jenner, P., Clow, A., Reavill, C., Theodorou, A. and Marsden, C.D. 1980. Stereoselective actions of substituted benzamide drugs on cerebral dopamine mechanisms. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 32 (1), pp. 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12842.x

A comparison of striatal and mesolimbic dopamine function in the rat during 6-month trifluoperazine administration
Clow, A., Jenner, P., Theodorou, A. and Marsden, C.D. 1980. A comparison of striatal and mesolimbic dopamine function in the rat during 6-month trifluoperazine administration. Psychopharmacology. 69 (3), pp. 227-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00433087

Changes in rat striatal dopamine turnover and receptor activity during one years neuroleptic administration
Clow, A., Theodorou, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1980. Changes in rat striatal dopamine turnover and receptor activity during one years neuroleptic administration. European Journal of Pharmacology. 63 (2-3), pp. 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(80)90437-9

Cerebral dopamine function in rats following withdrawal from one year of continuous neuroleptic administration
Clow, A., Theodorou, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1980. Cerebral dopamine function in rats following withdrawal from one year of continuous neuroleptic administration. European Journal of Pharmacology. 63 (2-3), pp. 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(80)90438-0

Antagonism by propanol of central dopamine receptor stimulation is not related to β-adrenergic blockade
Luscombe, G., Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1979. Antagonism by propanol of central dopamine receptor stimulation is not related to β-adrenergic blockade. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 31 (1), pp. 355-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1979.tb13522.x

Changes in dopamine-mediated behaviour during one year's neuroleptic administration
Clow, A., Jenner, P. and Marsden, C.D. 1979. Changes in dopamine-mediated behaviour during one year's neuroleptic administration. European Journal of Pharmacology. 57 (4), pp. 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(79)90499-0

Neuroleptic drugs and the dopamine hypothesis
Clow, A., Jenner, P., Theodorou, A. and Marsden, C.D. 1979. Neuroleptic drugs and the dopamine hypothesis. Lancet. 313 (8122), p. 934. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(79)91424-7

Striatal dopamine receptors become supersensitive while rats are given trifluoperazine for six months
Clow, A., Jenner, P., Theodorou, A. and Marsden, C.D. 1979. Striatal dopamine receptors become supersensitive while rats are given trifluoperazine for six months. Nature. 278, pp. 59-61. https://doi.org/10.1038/278059a0

A comparison of in vitro and in vivo dopamine receptor antagonism produced by substituted benzamide drugs
Jenner, P., Elliott, P.N.C., Clow, A., Reavill, C. and Marsden, C.D. 1978. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo dopamine receptor antagonism produced by substituted benzamide drugs. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 30 (1), pp. 46-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13151.x

A behavioural and biochemical comparison of dopamine receptor blockade produced by haloperidol with that produced by substituted benzamide drugs
Jenner, P., Clow, A., Reavill, C., Theodorou, A. and Marsden, C.D. 1978. A behavioural and biochemical comparison of dopamine receptor blockade produced by haloperidol with that produced by substituted benzamide drugs. Life Sciences. 23 (6), pp. 557-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(78)90032-2

An experimental model of tardive dyskinesias
Clow, A., Jenner, P., Theodorou, A. and Marsden, C.D. 1978. An experimental model of tardive dyskinesias. Life Sciences. 23 (5), pp. 421-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(78)90146-7

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