Identity issues surrounding American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) and an optimised high performance liquid chromatography method to authenticate commercially available products

Brock, C., Whitehouse, J., Tewfik, I. and Towell, A. 2013. Identity issues surrounding American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) and an optimised high performance liquid chromatography method to authenticate commercially available products. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 3 (2), pp. 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2013.02.001

TitleIdentity issues surrounding American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) and an optimised high performance liquid chromatography method to authenticate commercially available products
AuthorsBrock, C., Whitehouse, J., Tewfik, I. and Towell, A.
Abstract

Traditional use of American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) for anxiety and related conditions is well documented. There is evidence of flavonoid instability in S. lateriflora and a high rate of substitution with other skullcap species or adulteration with potentially hepatotoxic germanders (Teucrium spp.). It is therefore essential for the identity, quality and safety of a commercial S. lateriflora product to be verified prior to clinical use.

The objective was to review the literature relating to substitution and adulteration of S. lateriflora and to present a simple, optimised high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to verify the absence of adulterants in a commercial sample of S. lateriflora, by comparing its chromatographic profile with that of authenticated S. lateriflora.

S. lateriflora reference material and a freeze-dried commercial sample were extracted with methanol and water (80:20, v/v) and compared by HPLC analysis. The commercial sample showed reproducible retention times (RTs) of the flavonoid biomarkers baicalin (RT = 14.8 min; mean ± SD = 11.71 ± 1.16 mg/g); baicalein (RT = 20.4 min; 7.67 ± 0.89 mg/g); wogonin (RT = 23.7 min; 0.65 ± 0.06 mg/g). It appeared to be free from adulteration with germander (verbascoside was not detected; RT = 9.1 min) and its phytochemical profile was consistent with that of the S. lateriflora reference material.

It is crucial that commercial products are adequately identified prior to use. The reported HPLC method has shown the potential to compare non-authenticated S. lateriflora samples with authenticated voucher specimens – essential when conducting any phytochemical analysis of the herb.

JournalJournal of Herbal Medicine
Journal citation3 (2), pp. 57-64
ISSN2210-8033
YearJun 2013
PublisherElsevier
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2013.02.001
Publication dates
PublishedJun 2013
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Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease
Everitt, H.E., Patel, V. and Tewfik, I. 2007. Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease. Nutrition Bulletin. 32 (2), pp. 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00627.x

Effects of stimulus frequency and duration on the somatosensory mismatch negativity
Spackman, L., Boyd, S. and Towell, A. 2007. Effects of stimulus frequency and duration on the somatosensory mismatch negativity. Clinical Neurophysiology. 118 (5), p. e175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.291

Illness perceptions in depersonalization disorder: testing an illness attribution model
Baker Towell, D.M., Earle, M., Medford, N., Sierra, M., Towell, A. and David, A.S. 2007. Illness perceptions in depersonalization disorder: testing an illness attribution model. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 14 (2), pp. 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.518

Effects of stimulus frequency and duration on somatosensory discrimination responses
Spackman, L., Boyd, S. and Towell, A. 2007. Effects of stimulus frequency and duration on somatosensory discrimination responses. Experimental Brain Research. 177 (1), pp. 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0650-0

The public health advocate: food irradiation's offer to food security
Tewfik, I. and Tewfik, S. 2007. The public health advocate: food irradiation's offer to food security. in: Ahmed, A. (ed.) Science, technology and sustainability in the Middle East and North Africa Genève InderScience. pp. 197-209

Competitive food safety program: the case of Qatar
Al-Hamaq, A.A., Zeyadah, S.S., Ahmed, A., Amuna, P. and Tewfik, I. 2007. Competitive food safety program: the case of Qatar. in: Ahmed, A. (ed.) Science, technology and sustainability in the Middle East and North Africa Genève InderScience. pp. 210-228

Identification and characterization of somatosensory off responses
Spackman, L., Boyd, S. and Towell, A. 2006. Identification and characterization of somatosensory off responses. Brain Research. 1114 (1), pp. 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.135

Book review: B. Freire Wilma (editor). Nutrition and an Active Life: From Knowledge to Action. Scientific and Technical Publication No. 612. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization 2005. US$ 36·00 (paperback) pp. 260. ISBN: 92 75 11612 1
Tewfik, I. 2006. Book review: B. Freire Wilma (editor). Nutrition and an Active Life: From Knowledge to Action. Scientific and Technical Publication No. 612. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization 2005. US$ 36·00 (paperback) pp. 260. ISBN: 92 75 11612 1. British Journal of Nutrition. 96 (4), p. 793. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061844

FC38.3 Characterization of somatosensory discrimination responses using scalp and intracranial recordings
Spackman, L., Boyd, S. and Towell, A. 2006. FC38.3 Characterization of somatosensory discrimination responses using scalp and intracranial recordings. Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (Supplement 1), p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.128

P36.42 Identification of a pre-attentive visual discrimination response
Flynn, M., Liasis, A., Gardner, M. and Towell, A. 2006. P36.42 Identification of a pre-attentive visual discrimination response. Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (Supplement 1), p. 194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.651

Monitoring visual function in children with syndromic craniosynostosis: a comparison of 3 methods
Liasis, A., Nischal, K.K., Walters, B., Thompson, D., Hardy, S., Towell, A., Dunaway, D., Jones, B., Evans, R. and Hayward, R. 2006. Monitoring visual function in children with syndromic craniosynostosis: a comparison of 3 methods. Archives of Ophthalmology. 124 (8), pp. 1119-1126.

Evidence for a neurophysiologic auditory deficit in children with benign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes
Liasis, A., Bamiou, D.E., Boyd, S. and Towell, A. 2006. Evidence for a neurophysiologic auditory deficit in children with benign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes. Journal of Neural Transmission. 113 (7), pp. 939-949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-005-0357-6

Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated psychological problems in Qatari's female population
Bener, A. and Tewfik, I. 2006. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated psychological problems in Qatari's female population. Obesity Reviews. 7 (2), pp. 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00209.x

Industrial and dietetic applications of the food multimix (FMM) concept in meeting the nutritional needs of vulnerable groups in South Africa
Zotor, F., Amuna, P., Oldewage-Theron, W.H., Adewuya, T., Prinsloo, G., Chinyanga, Y., Tewfik, I. and Amuna, N. 2006. Industrial and dietetic applications of the food multimix (FMM) concept in meeting the nutritional needs of vulnerable groups in South Africa. Academic Journal of Vaal University of Technology. 3, pp. 54-67.

CO2 photoassimilation, chlorophyll fluorescence, lipid peroxidation and yield in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Giza 65) in response to O3
Hassan, I.A. and Tewfik, I. 2006. CO2 photoassimilation, chlorophyll fluorescence, lipid peroxidation and yield in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Giza 65) in response to O3. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development. 3 (1), pp. 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRSTSD.2006.008764

Prevalence of dieting, overweight, body image satisfaction and associated psychological problems in adolescent boys
Bener, A., Kamal, A., Tewfik, I. and Sabuncuoglu, O. 2006. Prevalence of dieting, overweight, body image satisfaction and associated psychological problems in adolescent boys. Nutrition & Food Science. 36 (5), pp. 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1108/00346650610703144

Perceived control, locus of control and preparatory information: effects on the perception of an acute pain stimulus
Williams, D., Golding, J.F., Phillips, K. and Towell, A. 2004. Perceived control, locus of control and preparatory information: effects on the perception of an acute pain stimulus. Personality and Individual Differences. 36 (7), pp. 1681-1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.07.009

Would food irradiation as a means of technology transfer assist food productivity and security in Africa and sustain its development?
Tewfik, I., Amuna, P. and Zotor, F. 2004. Would food irradiation as a means of technology transfer assist food productivity and security in Africa and sustain its development? International Journal of Technology Policy and Management. 4 (1), pp. 44-52.

Human and economic development in developing countries: a public health dimension employing the food multimix concept
Amuna, P., Zotor, F. and Tewfik, I. 2004. Human and economic development in developing countries: a public health dimension employing the food multimix concept. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development. 1 (2), pp. 129-137.

Kava Lactones and the kava-kava controversy
Whitton, P.A., Lau, A., Salisbury, A., Whitehouse, J. and Evans, C.S. 2003. Kava Lactones and the kava-kava controversy. Phytochemistry. 64 (3), pp. 673-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00381-9

Speech and non-speech processing in hemispherectomised children: an event-related potential study
Liasis, A., Boyd, S., Rivera-Gaxiola, M. and Towell, A. 2003. Speech and non-speech processing in hemispherectomised children: an event-related potential study. Cognitive Brain Research. 17 (3), pp. 665-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00190-3

The prevalence and predictors of psychological distress in men with prostate cancer who are seeking support
Balderson, N. and Towell, A. 2003. The prevalence and predictors of psychological distress in men with prostate cancer who are seeking support. British Journal of Health Psychology. 8 (2), pp. 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910703321649114

A preliminary investigation into quality of life, psychological distress and social competence in children with Cloacal Exstrophy
Baker Towell, D.M. and Towell, A. 2003. A preliminary investigation into quality of life, psychological distress and social competence in children with Cloacal Exstrophy. Journal of Urology. 169 (5), pp. 1850-1853. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000062480.01456.34

Time for a new approach for reporting herbal medicine adverse events?
Peters, D., Donaldson, J., Chaussalet, T.J., Toffa, S.E., Whitehouse, J., Carroll, D. and Barry, P. 2003. Time for a new approach for reporting herbal medicine adverse events? Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 9 (5), pp. 607-609.

Functional outcome following stroke in children
Towell, A., Gordon, A., Ganesan, V. and Kirkham, F. 2002. Functional outcome following stroke in children. Journal of Child Neurology. 17 (6), pp. 429-434.

The impostor phenomenon in British university students: relationships between self-esteem, mental health, parental rearing style and socioeconomic status
Sonnak, C. and Towell, A. 2001. The impostor phenomenon in British university students: relationships between self-esteem, mental health, parental rearing style and socioeconomic status. Personality and Individual Differences. 31 (6), pp. 863-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00184-7

Compliance and outcome in treatment-resistant anorexia and bulimia: a retrospective study
Baker Towell, D.M., Woodford, S., Reid, S., Rooney, B. and Towell, A. 2001. Compliance and outcome in treatment-resistant anorexia and bulimia: a retrospective study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 40 (2), pp. 189-195.

Intracranial identification of an electric frontal-cortex response to auditory stimulus change: a case study
Liasis, A., Towell, A., Alho, K. and Boyd, S. 2001. Intracranial identification of an electric frontal-cortex response to auditory stimulus change: a case study. Cognitive Brain Research. 11 (2), pp. 227-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00077-X

Auditory event-related potentials in the assessment of auditory processing disorders: a pilot study
Liasis, A., Bamiou, D.E., Campbell, P. and Towell, A. 2001. Auditory event-related potentials in the assessment of auditory processing disorders: a pilot study. Neuropediatrics. 34, pp. 23-29.

Does the pre-frontal cortex contribute to movement-related potentials? Recordings from subdural electrodes
Jahanshahi, M., Dirnberger, G., Liasis, A., Towell, A. and Boyd, S. 2001. Does the pre-frontal cortex contribute to movement-related potentials? Recordings from subdural electrodes. Neurocase. 7 (6), pp. 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/neucas/7.6.495

The effect of intermittent heating on some chemical parameters of refined oils used in Egypt. A public health nutrition concern
Tewfik, I., Ismail, H. and Sumar, S. 1998. The effect of intermittent heating on some chemical parameters of refined oils used in Egypt. A public health nutrition concern. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 49 (5), pp. 339-342. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637489809089408

A rapid supercritical fluid extraction method for the detection of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in gamma irradiated beef and chicken
Tewfik, I., Ismail, H. and Sumar, S. 1998. A rapid supercritical fluid extraction method for the detection of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in gamma irradiated beef and chicken. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie = Journal of Food Sciences and Technology. 31 (4), pp. 366-370. https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1998.0371

A rapid direct solvent extraction method (DSE-GC-MS) used to detect irradiated minced beef
Tewfik, I., Ismail, H. and Sumar, S. 1998. A rapid direct solvent extraction method (DSE-GC-MS) used to detect irradiated minced beef. Bulletin of High Institute of Public Health. 28 (3), pp. 85-92.

A rapid supercritical fluid extraction method for the qualitative detection of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in gamma-irradiated fresh and sea water fish
Tewfik, I. 1998. A rapid supercritical fluid extraction method for the qualitative detection of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in gamma-irradiated fresh and sea water fish. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 50 (1), pp. 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/096374899101418

A rapid method (SFE-GC-MS) used to detect irradiated minced beef
Tewfik, I., Ismail, H., Amine, E. and Rady, A. 1996. A rapid method (SFE-GC-MS) used to detect irradiated minced beef. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications. 29 (4), pp. 345-353.

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