Cultivating Intention to Stay: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Leadership and Ethical Climates in Hotel Industry

Nazarian, A., Wijetunga, S, Foroudi, P, Atkinson, P. and Christodoulou, I. 2026. Forthcoming. Cultivating Intention to Stay: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Leadership and Ethical Climates in Hotel Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 133 104454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104454

TitleCultivating Intention to Stay: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Leadership and Ethical Climates in Hotel Industry
TypeJournal article
AuthorsNazarian, A., Wijetunga, S, Foroudi, P, Atkinson, P. and Christodoulou, I.
Abstract

The independent hotel sector struggles with employee retention amid competition from larger chains. This study explores how leadership styles Transformational/Transactional) influence retention intentions through Ethical Climate, Balanced Organizational Culture, and Organizational Commitment, comparing the UK
and Spain. Grounded in Social Exchange Theory (SET), we analyze 962 employee responses using structural equation modelling. Results show Balanced Organizational
Culture is the strongest mediator between leadership and retention. Cultural differences moderate these effects: Transformational Leadership suits the UK’s reciprocal loyalty norms, while Transactional Leadership aligns with Spain’s structured expectations. SET explains these dynamics, as UK employees reciprocate transformational behaviors with commitment, whereas Spanish employees respond to
transactional exchanges. The findings help independent hotels tailor leadership strategies to reduce turnover.

Article number104454
JournalInternational Journal of Hospitality Management
Journal citation133
ISSN0278-4319
Year2026
PublisherElsevier
Publisher's version
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104454
Publication dates
Published in printFeb 2026

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Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2017. Strategizing in a Focused Context: Managerial Discretion in the Arab World. Journal of Strategy and Management. 10 (4), pp. 430-452. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-04-2016-0029

Intra-Cultural Variation, Zone of Acceptance and Managerial Discretion: A Theoretical Discussion
Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2017. Intra-Cultural Variation, Zone of Acceptance and Managerial Discretion: A Theoretical Discussion. Business and Management Research. 6 (1), pp. 42-53. https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v6n1p42

Assessing Miles and Snow Typology through the Lens of Managerial Discretion: How National-Level Discretion Impact Firms Strategic Orientation
Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2017. Assessing Miles and Snow Typology through the Lens of Managerial Discretion: How National-Level Discretion Impact Firms Strategic Orientation. Management and Organizational Studies. 4 (1), pp. 67-73. https://doi.org/10.5430/mos.v4n1p67

Assessing the Generalizability of Managerial Discretion: An Empirical Investigation in the Arab World
Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2017. Assessing the Generalizability of Managerial Discretion: An Empirical Investigation in the Arab World. Journal of Management and Strategy. 8 (1), pp. 28-36. https://doi.org/10.5430/jms.v8n1p28

Impact of organisational culture and leadership style on organisational effectiveness
Nazarian, A. 2016. Impact of organisational culture and leadership style on organisational effectiveness. IIACD. Barcelona Jul 2016 IIACD.

Understanding feedback - what are the discrepancies?
Patel, Z. and Christodoulou, I. Forthcoming. Understanding feedback - what are the discrepancies? WBS Learning and Teaching Day. University of Westminster 21 Jun 2016

Managerial discretion in emerging markets: What’s new and what’s different
Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2016. Managerial discretion in emerging markets: What’s new and what’s different. Emerging Markets Conference, Graduate School of Management, St. Petersburg University. St. Petersburg, Russia 06 - 08 Oct 2016

Cross-National Differences in Managerial Discretion: Insights from the Middle East
Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2016. Cross-National Differences in Managerial Discretion: Insights from the Middle East. British Academy of Management Conference 2016 (BAM2016). Newcastle University, Newcastle 06 - 08 Sep 2016 British Academy of Management.

Managerial Discretion in the Arab World: New National-Level Antecedents
Haj Youssef, M., Christodoulou, I. and Dassler, T. 2016. Managerial Discretion in the Arab World: New National-Level Antecedents. European Academy of Management 2016: Manageable Co-operation?. Paris 01 - 04 Jun 2016 EURAM.

The Impact of Cultural Practices on CEOs’ Discretion: New National-Level Antecedents.
Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2016. The Impact of Cultural Practices on CEOs’ Discretion: New National-Level Antecedents. 7TH WORKSHOP ON TOP MANAGEMENT TEAMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY RESEARCH. Groningen, Netherlands 07 Apr 2016

Organisational Culture As a Mediator on The Relationship Between Leadership style and Organisational Effectiveness: The Case of Iranian Private Sector Organisations
Nazarian, A. 2015. Organisational Culture As a Mediator on The Relationship Between Leadership style and Organisational Effectiveness: The Case of Iranian Private Sector Organisations. Euroasian Conference. Lisbon Jan 2015 Euroasia conference.

Value & Predictability within the RBV of the Firm: A critical review of the resource-based and related literature
Dassler, T. and Christodoulou, I. 2015. Value & Predictability within the RBV of the Firm: A critical review of the resource-based and related literature. British Academy of Management Conference 2015 (BAM2015). Portsmouth 08 - 10 Sep 2015 British Academy of Management.

Why don't they act on it? Helping students use feedback effectively - The case study of Mega modules - BKEY401, BBUS401 and BKEY601 on improving students' feedback
Macleod, E., Williams, D., Balu, K., Patel, Z. and Christodoulou, I. 2015. Why don't they act on it? Helping students use feedback effectively - The case study of Mega modules - BKEY401, BBUS401 and BKEY601 on improving students' feedback. 5th Biannual WBS Learning and Teaching Day. University of Westminster 11 Jun 2015

Inspiring action in Learning and Teaching for MEGA modules
Christodoulou, I. and Patel, Z. Forthcoming. Inspiring action in Learning and Teaching for MEGA modules. 14th Annual Westminster Learning and Teaching Symposium. University of Westminster 18 Jun 2015

What's Missing in the National-level Managerial Discretion Dimension
Haj Youssef, M. and Christodoulou, I. 2015. What's Missing in the National-level Managerial Discretion Dimension. 6TH WORKSHOP ON TOP MANAGEMENT TEAMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY RESEARCH. Antwerp, Belgium 26 Mar 2015

Impact of Organisational Size on the Relationship between Organisational Culture and Organisational Effectiveness: The Case of Small and Medium Size Organisations in Iran
Nazarian, A. 2014. Impact of Organisational Size on the Relationship between Organisational Culture and Organisational Effectiveness: The Case of Small and Medium Size Organisations in Iran. 14th International Conference on Knowledge, Culture and Change in Organisations. Said Business School, Oxford University, Oxford, UK 04 - 05 Aug 2014 Organizational culture change.

The Mediating Impact of Organisational Culture On The Relationship Between Leadership Style And Organisational Effectiveness: The Case Of Iranian Private Sector Organisations
Nazarian, A. 2014. The Mediating Impact of Organisational Culture On The Relationship Between Leadership Style And Organisational Effectiveness: The Case Of Iranian Private Sector Organisations. International Conference for Academic Disciplines 2012. Rome, Italy 29 Oct 2012 - 01 Nov 2022 IIAIC.

Impact of organisational size on the relationship between National Culture and Organisational Culture: Case of Medium and Large size organisations in Iran
Nazarian, A. 2014. Impact of organisational size on the relationship between National Culture and Organisational Culture: Case of Medium and Large size organisations in Iran. 10th The Macrotheme International Conference on Business and Social Science. Monte Carlo, Monaco 09 - 10 Mar 2014 The Macrotheme.

Organizational culture and its effect on the growth and fall of companies
Nazarian, A. 2014. Organizational culture and its effect on the growth and fall of companies. Magazine of Engineering the Development of Bazaar.

The Relationship between National Culture and Organisational Culture: Case of Medium and Large Size Organisations in Iran
Nazarian, A., Atkinson, P. and Greaves, L. 2014. The Relationship between National Culture and Organisational Culture: Case of Medium and Large Size Organisations in Iran. Macrotheme Review: a multidisciplinary journal of global macro trends. 3 (6), pp. 66-78.

Business Model Adaptation to a New Digital Culture
Pisano, P., Pironti, M., Rieple, A. and Christodoulou, I. 2014. Business Model Adaptation to a New Digital Culture. Bohemia, E., Rieple, A., Liedtka, J. and Cooper, R. (ed.) 19th DMI International Design Management Research Conference Design Management in an Era of Disruption. London 02 - 04 Sep 2014 DMI.

Strategic perspectives
Christodoulou, I. and Patel, Z. 2014. Strategic perspectives. London Wiley.

The relationship between national culture and organisational effectiveness: the case of Iranian private sector organisations
Nazarian, A. and Atkinson, P. 2013. The relationship between national culture and organisational effectiveness: the case of Iranian private sector organisations. International Journal of Management and Marketing Academy. 1 (2), pp. 73-81.

The relationship between NC and OC: the case of Iranian private sector organisation
Nazarian, A. 2013. The relationship between NC and OC: the case of Iranian private sector organisation. 2nd International Conference on Economics Business and Marketing Management . Rome, Italy 24 - 25 Feb 2013 CEBMM.

The Relationship between National Culture and Organisational Culture: The Case of Iranian Private Sector Organisations
Nazarian, A., Irani, Z. and Ali, M. 2013. The Relationship between National Culture and Organisational Culture: The Case of Iranian Private Sector Organisations. Journal of Economics, Business and Management. 1 (1), pp. 11-15. https://doi.org/10.7763/JOEBM.2013.V1.3

Strategic and organisational perspectives
Patel, Z. and Christodoulou, I. 2013. Strategic and organisational perspectives. McGraw Hill Education.

Re-setting the stepping stones: from personal learning to building a ‘learning organisation’. The case study of the strategic perspectives module: BKEY601 of WBS
Christodoulou, I. and Patel, Z. 2013. Re-setting the stepping stones: from personal learning to building a ‘learning organisation’. The case study of the strategic perspectives module: BKEY601 of WBS. 12th Annual Westminster Learning and Teaching Symposium. University of Westminster 4th July 2013

Re-setting the stepping stones: from personal learning to building a ‘learning organisation’. The case study of the strategic perspectives module: BKEY601 of WBS
Christodoulou, I. and Patel, Z. 2013. Re-setting the stepping stones: from personal learning to building a ‘learning organisation’. The case study of the strategic perspectives module: BKEY601 of WBS. 12th Annual Westminster Learning and Teaching Symposium. University of Westminster 4th July 2013

Re-setting the stepping stones: from personal learning to building a ‘learning organisation'. The case study of the strategic perspectives module: BKEY601 of WBS
Christodoulou, I. and Patel, Z. 2013. Re-setting the stepping stones: from personal learning to building a ‘learning organisation'. The case study of the strategic perspectives module: BKEY601 of WBS. Making technology work for us: the WBS "Blended Learning" day. University of Westminster 21st June 2013

Strategic and organisational perspectives
Christodoulou, I. and Patel, Z. 2012. Strategic and organisational perspectives. McGraw Hill Education.

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