Novel potato protein-polysaccharide nano-formulations for oral nutrient delivery

Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Evans, R.W., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2016. Novel potato protein-polysaccharide nano-formulations for oral nutrient delivery. Vitafoods. Geneva, Switzerland 30 - 30 May 2016

TitleNovel potato protein-polysaccharide nano-formulations for oral nutrient delivery
AuthorsZariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Evans, R.W., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D.
TypeConference paper
Abstract

Title: Novel potato protein-polysaccharide nano-formulations for oral nutrient delivery Study Objective(s): Bioactive molecules (minerals, vitamins and phytochemicals) have diverse health promoting effects and are used to supplement diet as nutraceuticals. The potential health benefits of several nutraceuticals are limited by lack of stability, reduced activity and low bioavailability. Nano-formulation presents an appealing means of preserving beneficial characteristics while potentially enhancing absorption and potency. Food derived biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides are relatively inexpensive, biocompatible, and already used widely in food/ nutraceutical industries. They thus present an attractive resource to formulate nano-vehicles for stabilisation and delivery of nutraceutical bioactives. The aim of our study was to use novel natural source food derived ingredients to formulate nanocarriers for nutrient delivery applications. Iron was selected as a model nutrient for our initial study since i.) iron has a poor sensory profile ii.) is highly reactive rendering it particularly challenging to formulate iii.) iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. Method: Nanocarriers incorporating ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 elemental iron equivalent; Fe) and corresponding iron free (BLANK) were prepared by modified nanoprecipitation method with varying protein : polysaccharide ratios. Batches (4) of nanocarriers were formulated with potato protein isolate (PP, ≥95% protein content) and two varieties of the crustacean derived natural polysaccharide chitosan (chitosan HCL – CH; chitosan oligosaccharide – CO): i.) PP+CH-Fe ii.) PP+CH-BLANK ii.) PP+CO-Fe iv.) PP+CO-BLANK. Nanocarrier iron incorporation efficiency was determined by colourimetric iron detection. Nanocarrier physiochemical characteristics were assessed by particle size, zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Cellular uptake was evaluated using the human intestinal cell line caco-2 in simulated gastrointestinal fluid and cytotoxicity was determined in presence of increasing concentrations of BLANK and iron loaded nanocarriers (upto 48 hour time-point). Gut pathogenic microbe access to nanoentrapped iron was determined by comparative of growth measurement at 600 nm. Results: Novel potato protein-chitosan blend nanocarriers were successfully fabricated using our optimised protocol. Nanocarriers demonstrated high iron entrapment efficiency (>80%), rounded morphology and a submicron size range (<500 nm) known to favour intestinal permeability as well as stability. Chitosan HCL as well as chitosan oligosaccharide conferred a net positive surface charge that may promote enhanced interaction and uptake in intestinal enterocytes. Nanocarriers demonstrated intestinal iron absorption (as determined by intracellular ferritin) significantly higher than free FeSO4 control (n = 6, P ≤ 0.05), and were non-toxic under experimental conditions (48 h incubation). A decreased iron bioavailability for pathogenic microbes was observed with nanocarrier entrapped iron as compared to free FeSO4. Conclusions: • We demonstrate for the first time the development of novel potato protein-chitosan blend nanocarriers for formulation and delivery of nutrients and the use of potato protein isolate as a novel biomaterial for food formulation. • High absorption with reduced bioavailability to pathogenic microbes presents interesting avenues for oral nutrient delivery. • Our results using the model nutrient (iron) suggests the potential of these delivery systems for high efficacy nutraceutical product formulations for food, beverages and cosmetic applications. • The delivery system is highly versatile, suitable for a range of nutraceuticals, and supports an ‘all natural’ label claim. Funding: Dr MG Zariwala personal research reserve fund.

Year2016
ConferenceVitafoods
Publication dates
Completed30 May 2016
Web address (URL) of conference proceedingshttp://www.vitafoods.eu.com/visiting/poster-presentations/poster-presentations/poster-novel-potato-protein-polysaccharide-nano-formulati
Web address (URL)http://www.vitafoods.eu.com/

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Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Comparison Study of Oral Iron Preparations Using a Human Intestinal Model. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 81 (4), pp. 1123-1139. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1304-03

Attenuation of plasma annexin A1 in human obesity
Kosicka, A., Cunliffe, AD., MacKenzie, R., Zariwala, M., Perretti, M., Flower, R.J. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Attenuation of plasma annexin A1 in human obesity. FASEB Journal. 27 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-213728

Hepcidin transcription and peptide secretion are governed by different regulatory mechanisms
Mehta, K., Patel, V., Busbridge Mark, Renshaw, D., Zariwala, M.G., Evans, R. and Farnaud, S. 2013. Hepcidin transcription and peptide secretion are governed by different regulatory mechanisms. American Journal of Hematology. 88, p. E55.

Annexin-A1 protein and its relationship to cortisol in human saliva
Fowkes, R.C., Moradi-Bidhendi, N., Branceleone, V., Gulrez Zariwala, M., Brady, D., Jessop, D.S., Perretti, M., Renshaw, D. and Brancaleone, V. 2013. Annexin-A1 protein and its relationship to cortisol in human saliva. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38 (5), pp. 722-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.08.003

The transfer of iron between ceruloplasmin and transferrins
White, K.N., Conesa, C., Sánchez, L., Amini, M., Farnaud, S., Lorvoralaka, C. and Evans, R.W. 2012. The transfer of iron between ceruloplasmin and transferrins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: general subjects. 1820 (3), pp. 411-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.006

Increased transferrin-bound iron uptake in HepG2 cells is followed by an increase in expression of the iron hormone hepcidin pre-and post-translationally
Mehta, K., Patel, V., Busbridge Mark, Renshaw, D., Zariwala, M., Evans, R. and Farnaud, S. 2012. Increased transferrin-bound iron uptake in HepG2 cells is followed by an increase in expression of the iron hormone hepcidin pre-and post-translationally. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2012. Rennes, France 29 - 31 Aug 2012

Comparison of iron absorption from iron supplement preparations using an in vitro Caco-2 model
Zariwala, M., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Comparison of iron absorption from iron supplement preparations using an in vitro Caco-2 model. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2012. Rennes, France 29 - 31 Aug 2012

DPPIV and macronutrients regulate the expression of PYY3–36 in human gut epithelial cells
Kosicka, A., Renshaw, D. and Zariwala, M. 2012. DPPIV and macronutrients regulate the expression of PYY3–36 in human gut epithelial cells. Society for Endocrinology BES 2012. Harrogate, UK Mar - Apr 2012 BioScientifica Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.31.P197

Ac 2-26, an annexin A1-derived peptide, reduces inflammation in human SGBS adipocytes after hypoxia treatment
Kosicka-Knox, A., Cunliffe, A., Mackenzie, R., Zariwala, M. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Ac 2-26, an annexin A1-derived peptide, reduces inflammation in human SGBS adipocytes after hypoxia treatment. 15th International & 14th European Congress of Endocrinology. Florence, Italy 05 - 09 May 2012 BioScientifica Ltd..

Annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory regulator, is expressed in human adipocytes
Kosicka-Knox, A., Cunliffe, A., Mackenzie, R., Zariwala, M. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory regulator, is expressed in human adipocytes. Society for Endocrinology BES 2012. Harrogate, UK Mar - Apr 2012

Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity
Holness, M.J., Zariwala, M., Walker, C.G. and Sugden, M.C. 2012. Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity. FEBS Open Bio. 2, pp. 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fob.2012.02.003

The central role of myostatin in skeletal muscle and whole body homeostasis
Elliott, B., Renshaw, D., Getting, S.J. and MacKenzie, R. 2012. The central role of myostatin in skeletal muscle and whole body homeostasis. Acta Physiologica. 205 (3), pp. 324-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02423.x

Targeting the melanocortin receptor system for anti-stroke therapy
Holloway, P.M., Smith, H.K., Renshaw, D., Flower, R.J., Getting, S.J. and Gavins, F.N.E. 2011. Targeting the melanocortin receptor system for anti-stroke therapy. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 32 (2), pp. 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.010

Transferrin receptor 2 is crucial for iron sensing in human hepatocytes
Rapisarda, C., Puppi, J., Hughes, R.D., Dhawan, A., Farnaud, S., Evans, R.W. and Sharp, P.A. 2010. Transferrin receptor 2 is crucial for iron sensing in human hepatocytes. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology. 299 (3), pp. G778-G783. https://doi.org/10.​1152/​ajpgi.​00157.​2010

Saliva: physiology and diagnostic potential in health and disease
Farnaud, S., Kosti, O., Getting, S.J. and Renshaw, D. 2010. Saliva: physiology and diagnostic potential in health and disease. ScientificWorldJournal. 10, pp. 434-456. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.38

Changes in adipocyte circadian clock function via SRT1 and AMPK in programmed obesity
Caton, P.W., Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2010. Changes in adipocyte circadian clock function via SRT1 and AMPK in programmed obesity. Diabetic Medicine. 27 (S1), pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02935.x

Downstream gene activation of the receptor ALX by the agonist Annexin A1
Renshaw, D., Montero-Melendez, T., Dalli, J., Kamal, A., Brancaleone, V., D'Acquisto, F., Cirino, G. and Perretti, M. 2010. Downstream gene activation of the receptor ALX by the agonist Annexin A1. PLoS ONE. 5 (9) e12771. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012771

Opinion: Microdosing: safer clinical trials
Langley, G. and Farnaud, S. 2010. Opinion: Microdosing: safer clinical trials. Bioanalysis. 2 (3), pp. 393-395.

The Dr Hadwen Trust for humane research: 39 years of replacement science
Farnaud, S. 2009. The Dr Hadwen Trust for humane research: 39 years of replacement science. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 37 (S2), pp. 39-43.

The evolution of the three Rs
Farnaud, S. 2009. The evolution of the three Rs. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 37 (3), pp. 249-254.

Characterisation of cystathionine gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulphide pathway in ischaemia/reperfusion injury of the mouse kidney: an in vivo study
Tripatara, P., Patel, N.S.A., Brancaleone, V., Renshaw, D., Rocha, J., Sepodes, B., Mota-Filipe, H., Perretti, M. and Thiemermann, C. 2009. Characterisation of cystathionine gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulphide pathway in ischaemia/reperfusion injury of the mouse kidney: an in vivo study. European Journal of Pharmacology. 606 (1-3), pp. 205-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.041

PPARalpha deficiency impacts the regulation ofadipocyte leptin synthesis and secretion
Holness, M.J., Zariwala, M., Walker, C.G. and Sugden, M.C. 2009. PPARalpha deficiency impacts the regulation ofadipocyte leptin synthesis and secretion. Diabetic Medicine. 26 (S1), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02662.x

The molecular regulation of adipose-tissue gene expression by an early life intervention
Sugden, M.C., Zariwala, M., Nooristani, S. and Holness, M.J. 2009. The molecular regulation of adipose-tissue gene expression by an early life intervention. Diabetic Medicine. 26 (S1), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02662.x

PPARs and the orchestration of metabolic fuel selection
Sugden, M.C., Zariwala, M.G. and Holness, M.J. 2009. PPARs and the orchestration of metabolic fuel selection. Pharmacological Research. 60 (3), p. 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2009.03.014

Melanocortin peptide therapy for the treatment of arthritic pathologies
Getting, S.J., Kaneva, M., Bhadresa, Y., Renshaw, D., Leoni, G., Patel, H.B., Kerrigan, M.J.P. and Locke, I.C. 2009. Melanocortin peptide therapy for the treatment of arthritic pathologies. The Scientific World Journal. 9, pp. 1394-1414. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2009.163

Annexin 1 mediates the rapid anti-inflammatory effects of neutrophil-derived microparticles
Dalli, J., Norling, L.V., Renshaw, D., Cooper, D., Leung Kit-Y and Perretti, M. 2008. Annexin 1 mediates the rapid anti-inflammatory effects of neutrophil-derived microparticles. Blood. 112 (6), pp. 2512-2519. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-02-140533

Identification of an iron-hepcidin complex
Farnaud, S., Rapisarda, C., Bui, T.T.T., Drake, A.F., Cammack, R. and Evans, R.W. 2008. Identification of an iron-hepcidin complex. Biochemical Journal. 413 (3), pp. 553-557. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20080406

Isolation of lactoferrin from milk of different species: calorimetric and antimicrobial studies
Conesa, C., Sánchez, L., Rota, C., Pérez, M.D., Calvo, M., Farnaud, S. and Evans, R.W. 2008. Isolation of lactoferrin from milk of different species: calorimetric and antimicrobial studies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 150 (1), pp. 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.02.005

The interaction of arginine- and tryptophan-rich cyclic hexapeptides with Escherichia coli membranes
Junkes, C., Wessolowski, A., Farnaud, S., Evans, R.W., Good, L., Bienert, M. and Dathe, M. 2008. The interaction of arginine- and tryptophan-rich cyclic hexapeptides with Escherichia coli membranes. Journal of Peptide Science. 14 (4), pp. 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1002/psc.940

Biochemical and spectroscopic studies of human melanotransferrin (MTf): electron-paramagnetic resonance evidence for a difference between the iron-binding site of MTf and other transferrins
Farnaud, S., Amini, M., Rapisarda, C., Cammack, R., Buic, T., Drake, A.F., Evans, R.W., Rahmanto, Y.S. and Richardson, D.R. 2008. Biochemical and spectroscopic studies of human melanotransferrin (MTf): electron-paramagnetic resonance evidence for a difference between the iron-binding site of MTf and other transferrins. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 40 (12), pp. 2739-2745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.07.003

Therapeutic exploitation of endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms: old and new leads
Renshaw, D., Urquhart, P. and Perretti, M. 2007. Therapeutic exploitation of endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms: old and new leads. Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 5 (4), pp. 289-305. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152306778772838

Prolactin in culture leads to a shift in stimulatory threshold but does not augment the K-ATP channel independent pathway for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J., Turner, M.D. and Sugden, M.C. 2007. Prolactin in culture leads to a shift in stimulatory threshold but does not augment the K-ATP channel independent pathway for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetic Medicine. 24 (S1), p. 33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02126.x

Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan
Pandit, S., Cevher, E, Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S. and Alpar, H.O. 2007. Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan. Journal of Microencapsulation. 24 (6), p. 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652040701443700

Diet, obesity and diabetes: a current update
Walker, C.G., Zariwala, M.G., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2007. Diet, obesity and diabetes: a current update. Clinical Science. 112 (2), pp. 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20060150

Characterisation of recombinant unglycosylated human serum transferrin purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sargent, P.J., Farnaud, S., Cammack, R., Zoller, H.M.P. and Evans, R.W. 2006. Characterisation of recombinant unglycosylated human serum transferrin purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BioMetals. 19 (5), pp. 513-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-005-5532-6

Modelling of a metal-containing hepcidin
Farnaud, S., Patel, A. and Evans, R.W. 2006. Modelling of a metal-containing hepcidin. BioMetals. 19 (5), pp. 527-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-005-5883-z

Adrenomedullin increases the expression of calcitonin-like receptor and receptor activity modifying protein 2 mRNA in human microvascular endothelial cells
Schwarz, N., Renshaw, D., Kapas, S. and Hinson, J.P. 2006. Adrenomedullin increases the expression of calcitonin-like receptor and receptor activity modifying protein 2 mRNA in human microvascular endothelial cells. Journal of Endocrinology. 190 (2), pp. 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06806

Intra-adrenal mechanisms in the response to chronic stress: investigation in a rat model of emotionality
Kosti, O., Raven, P.W., Renshaw, D. and Hinson, J.P. 2006. Intra-adrenal mechanisms in the response to chronic stress: investigation in a rat model of emotionality. Journal of Endocrinology. 189 (2), pp. 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06638

Early protein restriction attenuates effects of increased age to suppress the response of adipose-tissue LPL activity to feeding
Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2006. Early protein restriction attenuates effects of increased age to suppress the response of adipose-tissue LPL activity to feeding. Diabetic Medicine. 23 (S2), pp. 31-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-5468.2006.01875.x

An overview of molecular aspects of iron metabolism
Syed, B.A., Sargent, P.J., Farnaud, S. and Evans, R.W. 2006. An overview of molecular aspects of iron metabolism. Hemoglobin. 30 (1), pp. 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630260500455318

Towards a tree-induction approach to antimicrobial activity analysis of cationic peptides
Farnaud, S., Wang, Z., Dybowski, R., Odell, E.W. and Evans, R.W. 2006. Towards a tree-induction approach to antimicrobial activity analysis of cationic peptides. Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 84 (3), p. 394. https://doi.org/10.1139/O06-900

Structure/function overview of proteins involved in iron storage and transport
Sargent, P.J., Farnaud, S. and Evans, R.W. 2005. Structure/function overview of proteins involved in iron storage and transport. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 12 (23), pp. 2683-2693. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986705774462969

Comparative immunomodulatory properties of a chitosan-MDP adjuvant combination following intranasal or intramuscular immunisation
Moschos, S.A., Bramwell, V.W., Somavarapu, S. and Alpar, H.O. 2005. Comparative immunomodulatory properties of a chitosan-MDP adjuvant combination following intranasal or intramuscular immunisation. Vaccine. 23 (16), pp. 1923-1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.016

Lactoferrin: the conductor of the immunological system?
Farnaud, S. and Evans, R.W. 2005. Lactoferrin: the conductor of the immunological system? in: Veskler, B.A. (ed.) New research on immunology New York Nova Science Publishers.

Adjuvant synergy: the effects of nasal coadministration of adjuvants
Moschos, S.A., Bramwell, V.W., Somavarapu, S. and Alpar, H.O. 2004. Adjuvant synergy: the effects of nasal coadministration of adjuvants. Immunology and Cell Biology. 82 (6), pp. 628-637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01280.x

Variation in antimicrobial activity of lactoferricin-derived peptides explained by structure modelling
Farnaud, S., Patel, A., Odell, E.W. and Evans, R.W. 2004. Variation in antimicrobial activity of lactoferricin-derived peptides explained by structure modelling. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 238 (1), pp. 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09759.x

The plug domain of a neisserial TonB-dependent transporter retains structural integrity in the absence of its transmembrane β-barrel
Oke, M., Sarra, R., Ghirlando, R., Farnaud, S., Gorringe, A.R., Evans, R.W. and Buchanan, S.K. 2004. The plug domain of a neisserial TonB-dependent transporter retains structural integrity in the absence of its transmembrane β-barrel. FEBS Letters. 564 (3), pp. 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00196-6

Interactions of lactoferricin-derived peptides with LPS and antimicrobial activity
Farnaud, S., Spiller, C., Moriarty, L.C., Patel, A., Gant, V., Odell, E.W. and Evans, R.W. 2004. Interactions of lactoferricin-derived peptides with LPS and antimicrobial activity. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 233 (2/29), pp. 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09482.x

New strategies in vaccine research: targeting quorum sensing pathways for prophylaxis against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections
Moschos, S.A., Pandit, S., Somavarapu, S., Balaban, N. and Alpar, H.O. 2004. New strategies in vaccine research: targeting quorum sensing pathways for prophylaxis against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections. Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials 2004. Honolulu, USA 12 - 16 Jun 2004 pp. 526

Lactoferrin: a multifunctional protein with antimicrobial properties
Farnaud, S. and Evans, R.W. 2003. Lactoferrin: a multifunctional protein with antimicrobial properties. Molecular Immunology. 40 (7), pp. 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-5890(03)00152-4

Support for a three-dimensional structure predicting a Cys-Glu-Lys catalytic triad for Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase comes from site-directed mutagenesis and mutations altering substrate specificity
Novo, C., Farnaud, S., Tata, R., Clemente, A. and Brown, P.R. 2002. Support for a three-dimensional structure predicting a Cys-Glu-Lys catalytic triad for Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase comes from site-directed mutagenesis and mutations altering substrate specificity. Biochemical Journal. 365 (3), pp. 731-738. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20011714

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide directly stimulates cortisol secretion in human adrenal cells
Vakharia, K., Renshaw, D. and Hinson, J.P. 2002. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide directly stimulates cortisol secretion in human adrenal cells. Endocrine Research. 28 (4), pp. 357-361. https://doi.org/10.1081/ERC-120016809

Regulation of rat adrenal vasoactive intestinal peptide content: effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment and changes in dietary sodium intake
Hinson, J.P., Renshaw, D., Carroll, M. and Kapas, S. 2001. Regulation of rat adrenal vasoactive intestinal peptide content: effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment and changes in dietary sodium intake. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 13 (9), pp. 769-773. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00692.x

Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intranasally
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Singh, J., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intranasally. Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. San Diego, USA 23 - 27 Jun 2001 pp. 7033

Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intra-muscularly
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Eyles, J.E., McHugh, C., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intra-muscularly. Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. San Diego, USA 23 - 27 Jun 2001 pp. 7033

Evaluation of adjuvanted recombinant urease for effective immunization against Helicobacter pylori
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Eyles, J.E., McHugh, C., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Evaluation of adjuvanted recombinant urease for effective immunization against Helicobacter pylori. Immunology. 104 (s1), p. 98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.1040s1070.x

Quil-A and MDP enhances the adjuvanticity of alum for intramuscular delivery of rURE
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Quil-A and MDP enhances the adjuvanticity of alum for intramuscular delivery of rURE. Immunology. 104 (s1), p. 98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.1040s1070.x

Microsphere encapsulated Diphtheria Toxoid induces protein secretion from in-vitro Peyers’ patches and in vivo
Turner, J.J., Somavarapu, S., Moschos, S.A., Randall, L., Simpkin, G. and Alpar, H.O. 2000. Microsphere encapsulated Diphtheria Toxoid induces protein secretion from in-vitro Peyers’ patches and in vivo. Proceedings of the 3rd World Meeting APV/APGI 2000. Berlin, Germany 3 - 6 Apr 2000 pp. 389-390

Novel protein secretion from both ex-vivo Peyers’ patches and in-vivo; induction by microsphere encapsulated diphtheria toxoid
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Singh, J., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2000. Novel protein secretion from both ex-vivo Peyers’ patches and in-vivo; induction by microsphere encapsulated diphtheria toxoid. Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. Paris, France 09 - 13 Jul 2001 pp. 562-563

Evidence that cysteine-166 is the active-site nucleophile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase: crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the enzyme
Farnaud, S., Tata, R., Sohi, M.K., Wan, T., Brown, P.R. and Sutton, B.J. 1999. Evidence that cysteine-166 is the active-site nucleophile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase: crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the enzyme. Biochemical Journal. 340 (3), pp. 711-714.

Aluminium speciation: NMR studies of blood plasma, transferrin and citrate complexes
Bell, J.D., Evans, R.W., Kiang, W., Kubal, G., Radulovic, S., Sadler, P.J. and Williams, G. 1991. Aluminium speciation: NMR studies of blood plasma, transferrin and citrate complexes. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 43 (2-3), p. 488. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(91)84467-N

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