N-Acetylcysteine Nanocarriers Protect against Oxidative Stress in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Mursaleen, L., Noble, B., Chan, S.H.Y., Somavarapu, S. and Zariwala, M. 2020. N-Acetylcysteine Nanocarriers Protect against Oxidative Stress in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants. 9 (7) 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070600

TitleN-Acetylcysteine Nanocarriers Protect against Oxidative Stress in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease
TypeJournal article
AuthorsMursaleen, L., Noble, B., Chan, S.H.Y., Somavarapu, S. and Zariwala, M.
Abstract

Oxidative stress is a key mediator in the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has generated interest as a disease-modifying therapy for PD but is limited due to poor bioavailability, a short half-life, and limited access to the brain.

The aim of this study was to formulate and utilise mitochondria-targeted nanocarriers for delivery of NAC alone and in combination with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO), and assess their ability to protect against oxidative stress in a cellular rotenone PD model.

Pluronic F68 (P68) and dequalinium (DQA) nanocarriers were prepared by a modified thin-film hydration method. An MTT assay assessed cell viability and iron status was measured using a ferrozine assay and ferritin immunoassay. For oxidative stress, a modified cellular antioxidant activity assay and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay and mitochondrial hydroxyl assay were utilised.

Overall, this study demonstrates, for the first time, successful formulation of NAC and NAC + DFO into P68 + DQA nanocarriers for neuronal delivery. The results indicate that NAC and NAC + DFO nanocarriers have the potential characteristics to access the brain and that 1000 μM P68 + DQA NAC exhibited the strongest ability to protect against reduced cell viability (p = 0.0001), increased iron (p = 0.0033) and oxidative stress (p ≤ 0.0003).

These NAC nanocarriers therefore demonstrate significant potential to be transitioned for further preclinical testing for PD.

Keywords N-acetylcysteine
oxidative stress
Parkinson’s disease
neurodegeneration
antioxidant capacity
deferoxamine
iron
Article number600
JournalAntioxidants
Journal citation9 (7)
ISSN2076-3921
Year2020
PublisherMDPI
Publisher's version
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070600
Web address (URL)https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/7/600
Publication dates
Published09 Jul 2020

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A novel approach to oral iron delivery using ferrous sulphate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles
Gulrez Zariwala, M., Elsaid, N., Jackson, T.L., Corral López, F., Farnaud, S., Somavarapu, S. and Renshaw, D. 2013. A novel approach to oral iron delivery using ferrous sulphate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 456 (2), pp. 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.070

3-D printouts of the tracheobronchial tree generated from CT images as an aid to management in a case of tracheobronchial chondromalacia caused by relapsing polychondritis
Tam, Matthew D.B.S., Laycock, Stephen, Jayne, David, Babar, Judith and Noble, Brendon 2013. 3-D printouts of the tracheobronchial tree generated from CT images as an aid to management in a case of tracheobronchial chondromalacia caused by relapsing polychondritis. Journal of Radiology Case Reports. 7 (8), pp. 34-43. https://doi.org/10.3941/jrcr.v7i8.1390

Osteocyte apoptosis
Jilka, Robert L., Noble, Brendon and Weinstein, Robert S. 2013. Osteocyte apoptosis. Bone. 54 (2), pp. 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.038

Directed osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/precursor cells on silicate substituted calcium phosphate
Cameron, Kate, Travers, Paul, Chander, Chaman, Buckland, Tom, Campion, Charlie and Noble, Brendon 2013. Directed osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/precursor cells on silicate substituted calcium phosphate. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 101A (1), pp. 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34261

Macronutrient regulation of PYY and DPPIV in human intestinal epithelial cells
Zariwala, M., Kosicka, A. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Macronutrient regulation of PYY and DPPIV in human intestinal epithelial cells. ENDO 2013: The Endocrine Society’s 95th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, USA 15 - 18 Jun 2013

Preparation and Characterisation of Solid Lipid Particles for Oral Iron Delivery
Zariwala, M., Farnaud, S., Somavarapu, S. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Preparation and Characterisation of Solid Lipid Particles for Oral Iron Delivery. Fifth Congress of the International BioIron Society (IBIS), Biennial World Meeting. University College London 14 - 18 Apr 2013 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23453

Hepcidin transcription and peptide secretion are governed by different regulatory mechanisms
Mehta, K., Patel, V., Busbridge, M., Renshaw, D., Zariwala, M., Evans, R. and Farnaud, S. 2013. Hepcidin transcription and peptide secretion are governed by different regulatory mechanisms. Fifth Congress of the International BioIron Society (IBIS), Biennial World Meeting. University College London 14 - 18 Apr 2013 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23453

Comparison Study of Oral Iron Preparations Using a Human Intestinal Model
Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Comparison Study of Oral Iron Preparations Using a Human Intestinal Model. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 81 (4), pp. 1123-1139. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1304-03

Attenuation of plasma annexin A1 in human obesity
Kosicka, A., Cunliffe, AD., MacKenzie, R., Zariwala, M., Perretti, M., Flower, R.J. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Attenuation of plasma annexin A1 in human obesity. FASEB Journal. 27 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-213728

Assessment of a preclinical model for studying the survival and engraftment of human stem cell derived osteogenic cell populations following orthotopic implantation
Tremoleda, J.L., Khan, N.S., Mann, V., Racey, S.N., Martin, A.J., Simpson, A.H.W.R. and Noble, B. 2012. Assessment of a preclinical model for studying the survival and engraftment of human stem cell derived osteogenic cell populations following orthotopic implantation. Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions. 12 (4), pp. 241-253.

Increased transferrin-bound iron uptake in HepG2 cells is followed by an increase in expression of the iron hormone hepcidin pre-and post-translationally
Mehta, K., Patel, V., Busbridge Mark, Renshaw, D., Zariwala, M., Evans, R. and Farnaud, S. 2012. Increased transferrin-bound iron uptake in HepG2 cells is followed by an increase in expression of the iron hormone hepcidin pre-and post-translationally. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2012. Rennes, France 29 - 31 Aug 2012

Comparison of iron absorption from iron supplement preparations using an in vitro Caco-2 model
Zariwala, M., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Comparison of iron absorption from iron supplement preparations using an in vitro Caco-2 model. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2012. Rennes, France 29 - 31 Aug 2012

DPPIV and macronutrients regulate the expression of PYY3–36 in human gut epithelial cells
Kosicka, A., Renshaw, D. and Zariwala, M. 2012. DPPIV and macronutrients regulate the expression of PYY3–36 in human gut epithelial cells. Society for Endocrinology BES 2012. Harrogate, UK Mar - Apr 2012 BioScientifica Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.31.P197

Ac 2-26, an annexin A1-derived peptide, reduces inflammation in human SGBS adipocytes after hypoxia treatment
Kosicka-Knox, A., Cunliffe, A., Mackenzie, R., Zariwala, M. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Ac 2-26, an annexin A1-derived peptide, reduces inflammation in human SGBS adipocytes after hypoxia treatment. 15th International & 14th European Congress of Endocrinology. Florence, Italy 05 - 09 May 2012 BioScientifica Ltd..

Annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory regulator, is expressed in human adipocytes
Kosicka-Knox, A., Cunliffe, A., Mackenzie, R., Zariwala, M. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory regulator, is expressed in human adipocytes. Society for Endocrinology BES 2012. Harrogate, UK Mar - Apr 2012

Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity
Holness, M.J., Zariwala, M., Walker, C.G. and Sugden, M.C. 2012. Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity. FEBS Open Bio. 2, pp. 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fob.2012.02.003

Techniques for the Study of Apoptosis in Bone
Riahi, Sudeh, Noble, Brendon and Noble, B. 2011. Techniques for the Study of Apoptosis in Bone. in: Miep H. Helfrich and Stuart H. Ralston (ed.) Bone Research Protocols. 2nd edition Springer Nature. pp. 335-349

Collaborative project to co-ordinate care for patients with dementia.
Kennerley, D., Bolas, R., Bourne, J., Branson, K., Cavenagh, P., Collins, G., Coveney, N., Day, N., Hardman, M., Hayter, S., Fenner, P., Jones, J., Jordan, S., Noble, B., Osbourne, S., Smith, C. and Wigens, L. 2011. Collaborative project to co-ordinate care for patients with dementia. Nursing Management. 18 (2), pp. 27-31. https://doi.org/10.7748/nm2011.05.18.2.27.c8484

Laser microdissection and pressure catapulting of single human motor neurons for RNA editing analysis
Sun, H., Raja, A., O’Connell, M.A., Mann, V., Noble, B. and Keegan, L.P. 2011. Laser microdissection and pressure catapulting of single human motor neurons for RNA editing analysis. in: RNA and DNA Editing: Methods and Protocols Humana Press. pp. 75–87

Blunting of adaptive responses to resistance exercise training in women over 75y
Greig, C.A., Gray, C., Rankin, D., Young, A., Mann, V., Noble, B. and Atherton, P.J. 2011. Blunting of adaptive responses to resistance exercise training in women over 75y. Experimental Gerontology. 46 (11), pp. 884-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2011.07.010

A novel method for the directed osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/precursor cells
B. Noble, C. Chander, T. Buckland and K.R. Cameron 2010. A novel method for the directed osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/precursor cells. Bone. 47 (Supp.1), p. S128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.04.283

Changes in adipocyte circadian clock function via SRT1 and AMPK in programmed obesity
Caton, P.W., Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2010. Changes in adipocyte circadian clock function via SRT1 and AMPK in programmed obesity. Diabetic Medicine. 27 (S1), pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02935.x

Development of stem cell carriers for bone regeneration
Hou, Q.P., Spadaccino, A., Hughes, O., Dauphin, D.S. and Noble, B.S. 2009. Development of stem cell carriers for bone regeneration. European Cells and Materials. 18 (Supp. 1), p. 41.

The role of estrogen in the repair of osteocytes following physical injury in vitro
V. Mann, L. Kitto and B. Noble 2009. The role of estrogen in the repair of osteocytes following physical injury in vitro. Bone. 44 (Supp.1), p. S62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.028

TGF β 3 and loading increases osteocyte survival in human cancellous bone cultured ex vivo
Simpson, Angharad E., Stoddart, Martin J., Davies, Catrin M., Jähn, Katharina, Furlong, Pamela I., Gasser, Jürg A., Jones, David B., Noble, Brendon S. and Richards, Robert G. 2009. TGF β 3 and loading increases osteocyte survival in human cancellous bone cultured ex vivo. Cell Biochemistry & Function. 27 (1), pp. 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1529

The biology of osteocytes
Kogianni, Giolanta and Noble, Brendon S. 2009. The biology of osteocytes. Current Osteoporosis Reports. 5, pp. 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-007-0007-z

PPARalpha deficiency impacts the regulation ofadipocyte leptin synthesis and secretion
Holness, M.J., Zariwala, M., Walker, C.G. and Sugden, M.C. 2009. PPARalpha deficiency impacts the regulation ofadipocyte leptin synthesis and secretion. Diabetic Medicine. 26 (S1), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02662.x

The molecular regulation of adipose-tissue gene expression by an early life intervention
Sugden, M.C., Zariwala, M., Nooristani, S. and Holness, M.J. 2009. The molecular regulation of adipose-tissue gene expression by an early life intervention. Diabetic Medicine. 26 (S1), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02662.x

PPARs and the orchestration of metabolic fuel selection
Sugden, M.C., Zariwala, M.G. and Holness, M.J. 2009. PPARs and the orchestration of metabolic fuel selection. Pharmacological Research. 60 (3), p. 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2009.03.014

The role of the osteocyte in bone turnover
Brendon Noble 2008. The role of the osteocyte in bone turnover. Bone. 43 (Supp. 1), p. S22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.07.258

The osteocyte lineage
Noble, Brendon S. 2008. The osteocyte lineage. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 473 (2), pp. 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.009

Apoptotic Bodies Convey Activity Capable of Initiating Osteoclastogenesis and Localized Bone Destruction
Kogianni, Giolanta, Mann, Val and Noble, Brendon S. 2008. Apoptotic Bodies Convey Activity Capable of Initiating Osteoclastogenesis and Localized Bone Destruction. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 23 (6), pp. 915-927. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.080207

Bone tissue formation from human embryonic stem cells in vivo
Tremoleda, Jordi, Forsyth, Nicholas, Khan, Nusrat, Wojtacha, Davina, Christodoulou, Ioannis, Tye, B.J., Racey, Seth, Collinshaw, S., Sottile, Virginie, Thomson, Alison, Simpson, Hamish, Noble, Brendon and McWhir, Jim 2008. Bone tissue formation from human embryonic stem cells in vivo. Cloning and Stem Cells. 10 (1), pp. 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1089/clo.2007.0r36

Ex Vivo bone formation in bovine trabecular bone cultured in a dynamic 3D bioreactor is enhanced by compressive mechanical strain
David, Valentin, Guignandon, Alain, Martin, Aline, Malaval, Luc, Lafage-Proust, Marie-Hélène, Rattner, Aline, Mann, Val, Noble, Brendon, Jones, David, B. and Vico, Laurence 2008. Ex Vivo bone formation in bovine trabecular bone cultured in a dynamic 3D bioreactor is enhanced by compressive mechanical strain. Tissue Engineering Part A. 14 (1), pp. 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.a.2007.0051

The antioxidant effect of estrogen and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in the inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in vitro
Mann, Val, Huber, Christene, Kogianni, Giolanta, Collins, Frances and Noble, Brendon 2007. The antioxidant effect of estrogen and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in the inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in vitro. Bone. 40 (3), pp. 674-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.014

Selective estrogen receptor modulator inhibits osteocyte apoptosis during abrupt estrogen withdrawal: Implications for bone quality maintenance
Huber, C., Collishaw, S., Mosley, J.R., Reeve, J. and Noble, B.S. 2007. Selective estrogen receptor modulator inhibits osteocyte apoptosis during abrupt estrogen withdrawal: Implications for bone quality maintenance. Calcified Tissue International. 81, pp. 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-007-9049-6

Prolactin in culture leads to a shift in stimulatory threshold but does not augment the K-ATP channel independent pathway for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J., Turner, M.D. and Sugden, M.C. 2007. Prolactin in culture leads to a shift in stimulatory threshold but does not augment the K-ATP channel independent pathway for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetic Medicine. 24 (S1), p. 33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02126.x

Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan
Pandit, S., Cevher, E, Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S. and Alpar, H.O. 2007. Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan. Journal of Microencapsulation. 24 (6), p. 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652040701443700

Diet, obesity and diabetes: a current update
Walker, C.G., Zariwala, M.G., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2007. Diet, obesity and diabetes: a current update. Clinical Science. 112 (2), pp. 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20060150

Skeletal muscle IGF-I isoform expression in healthy women after isometric exercise
Greig, Carolyn A., Hameed, Mahjabeen, Young, Archie, Goldspink, Geoffrey and Noble, Brendon 2006. Skeletal muscle IGF-I isoform expression in healthy women after isometric exercise. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 16 (5-6), pp. 373-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2006.09.005

Physiologic Oxygen Enhances Human Embryonic Stem Cell Clonal Recovery and Reduces Chromosomal Abnormalities
Forsyth, Nicholas R., Musio, Antonio, Vezzoni, Paolo, Simpson, A. Hamish R.W., Noble, Brendon S. and McWhir, Jim 2006. Physiologic Oxygen Enhances Human Embryonic Stem Cell Clonal Recovery and Reduces Chromosomal Abnormalities. Cloning and Stem Cells. 8 (1), pp. 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1089/clo.2006.8.16

The role of growth factors and related agents in accelerating fracture healing
A. H. R. W. Simpson, L. Mills and Noble, B. 2006. The role of growth factors and related agents in accelerating fracture healing. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume. 88-B (6), pp. 701 - 705. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.88b6.17524

The influence of mechanical stimulation on osteocyte apoptosis and bone viability in human trabecular bone
Mann, V., Huber, C., Kogianni, G., Jones, D. and Noble, B. 2006. The influence of mechanical stimulation on osteocyte apoptosis and bone viability in human trabecular bone. Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions. 6 (4), pp. 408-417.

Early protein restriction attenuates effects of increased age to suppress the response of adipose-tissue LPL activity to feeding
Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2006. Early protein restriction attenuates effects of increased age to suppress the response of adipose-tissue LPL activity to feeding. Diabetic Medicine. 23 (S2), pp. 31-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-5468.2006.01875.x

Stem cells and orthopaedic disease
McWhir, J. and Noble, B. 2005. Stem cells and orthopaedic disease. European Cells and Materials. 10 (SUPPL.2), p. 8.

Microdamage and apoptosis
Noble, B. 2005. Microdamage and apoptosis. European Journal of Morphology. 42 (1-2), pp. 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243860500096248

Comparative immunomodulatory properties of a chitosan-MDP adjuvant combination following intranasal or intramuscular immunisation
Moschos, S.A., Bramwell, V.W., Somavarapu, S. and Alpar, H.O. 2005. Comparative immunomodulatory properties of a chitosan-MDP adjuvant combination following intranasal or intramuscular immunisation. Vaccine. 23 (16), pp. 1923-1930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.016

Adjuvant synergy: the effects of nasal coadministration of adjuvants
Moschos, S.A., Bramwell, V.W., Somavarapu, S. and Alpar, H.O. 2004. Adjuvant synergy: the effects of nasal coadministration of adjuvants. Immunology and Cell Biology. 82 (6), pp. 628-637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01280.x

Fas/CD95 is associated with glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis
Kogianni, G., Mann, V., Ebetino, F., Nuttall, M., Nijweide, P., Simpson, H. and Noble, B. 2004. Fas/CD95 is associated with glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis. Life Sciences. 75 (24), pp. 2879-2895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.048

New strategies in vaccine research: targeting quorum sensing pathways for prophylaxis against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections
Moschos, S.A., Pandit, S., Somavarapu, S., Balaban, N. and Alpar, H.O. 2004. New strategies in vaccine research: targeting quorum sensing pathways for prophylaxis against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infections. Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials 2004. Honolulu, USA 12 - 16 Jun 2004 pp. 526

Compartmentalized megakaryocyte death generates functional platelets committed to caspase-independent death
Clarke, Murray C.H., Savill, John, Jones, David B., Noble, Brendon S. and Brown, Simon B. 2003. Compartmentalized megakaryocyte death generates functional platelets committed to caspase-independent death. in: Bone Research Protocols Springer. pp. 225-236

Mechanical stimulation & cell death-shaping our bones
Noble, B. 2003. Mechanical stimulation & cell death-shaping our bones. European Cells and Materials. 5 (Suppl.2), p. 25.

Bone microdamage and cell apoptosis
Noble, B., Alini, M. and Richards, R.G. 2003. Bone microdamage and cell apoptosis. European Cells and Materials. 6, pp. 46-55.

A bone fluid flow hypothesis for muscle pump-driven capillary filtration: II Proposed role for exercise in erodible scaffold implant incorporation
Winet, H., Noble, B. and Jones, D. 2003. A bone fluid flow hypothesis for muscle pump-driven capillary filtration: II Proposed role for exercise in erodible scaffold implant incorporation. European Cells and Materials. 6. https://doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v006a01

Mechanical loading: Biphasic osteocyte survival and targeting of osteoclasts for bone destruction in rat cortical bone
Noble, B.S., Peet, N., Stevens, H.Y., Brabbs, A., Mosley, J.R., Reilly, G.C., Reeve, J., Skerry, T.M. and Lanyon, L.E. 2003. Mechanical loading: Biphasic osteocyte survival and targeting of osteoclasts for bone destruction in rat cortical bone. American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology. 284 (4), pp. C934-C943. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00234.2002

The effect of in vivo mechanical loading on estrogen receptor α expression in rat ulnar osteocytes
Ehrlich, P.J., Noble, B.S., Jessop, H.L., Stevens, H.Y., Mosley, J.R. and Lanyon, L.E. 2002. The effect of in vivo mechanical loading on estrogen receptor α expression in rat ulnar osteocytes. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 17 (9), pp. 1646-1655. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.9.1646

Osteocyte lacunar occupancy in the femoral neck cortex: An association with cortical remodeling in hip fracture cases and controls
Power, J., Noble, B.S., Loveridge, N., Bell, K.L., Rushton, N. and Reeve, J. 2001. Osteocyte lacunar occupancy in the femoral neck cortex: An association with cortical remodeling in hip fracture cases and controls. Calcified Tissue International. 69 (1), pp. 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-001-0013-6

Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intranasally
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Singh, J., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intranasally. Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. San Diego, USA 23 - 27 Jun 2001 pp. 7033

Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intra-muscularly
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Eyles, J.E., McHugh, C., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Immunogenicity of adjuvanted recombinant urease administered intra-muscularly. Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. San Diego, USA 23 - 27 Jun 2001 pp. 7033

Evaluation of adjuvanted recombinant urease for effective immunization against Helicobacter pylori
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Eyles, J.E., McHugh, C., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Evaluation of adjuvanted recombinant urease for effective immunization against Helicobacter pylori. Immunology. 104 (s1), p. 98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.1040s1070.x

Quil-A and MDP enhances the adjuvanticity of alum for intramuscular delivery of rURE
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2001. Quil-A and MDP enhances the adjuvanticity of alum for intramuscular delivery of rURE. Immunology. 104 (s1), p. 98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.1040s1070.x

Osteocyte function, osteocyte death and bone fracture resistance
Noble, Brendon S. and Reeve, Jonathan 2000. Osteocyte function, osteocyte death and bone fracture resistance. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 159 (1-2), pp. 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00174-4

Bcl-2, tissue transglutaminase and p53 protein expression in the apoptotic cascade in ribs of premature infants
Stevens, H.Y., Reeve, J. and Noble, B.S. 2000. Bcl-2, tissue transglutaminase and p53 protein expression in the apoptotic cascade in ribs of premature infants. Journal of Anatomy. 196 (2). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021878299005889

Microsphere encapsulated Diphtheria Toxoid induces protein secretion from in-vitro Peyers’ patches and in vivo
Turner, J.J., Somavarapu, S., Moschos, S.A., Randall, L., Simpkin, G. and Alpar, H.O. 2000. Microsphere encapsulated Diphtheria Toxoid induces protein secretion from in-vitro Peyers’ patches and in vivo. Proceedings of the 3rd World Meeting APV/APGI 2000. Berlin, Germany 3 - 6 Apr 2000 pp. 389-390

Novel protein secretion from both ex-vivo Peyers’ patches and in-vivo; induction by microsphere encapsulated diphtheria toxoid
Moschos, S.A., Somavarapu, S., Singh, J., Bramwell, V.W., Randall, L., Guy, B. and Alpar, H.O. 2000. Novel protein secretion from both ex-vivo Peyers’ patches and in-vivo; induction by microsphere encapsulated diphtheria toxoid. Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. Paris, France 09 - 13 Jul 2001 pp. 562-563

Expression and functional role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human osteoblast-like cells
H. MacPherson, B.S. Noble and S.H. Ralston 1999. Expression and functional role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human osteoblast-like cells. Bone. 24 (3), pp. 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(98)00173-2

Characterization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and corticosteroid receptor expression in human osteosarcoma cell lines
Bland, R., Worker, C.A., Noble, B.S., Eyre, L.J., Bujalska, J.I., Sheppard, M.C., Stewart, P.M. and Hewison, M. 1999. Characterization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and corticosteroid receptor expression in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Journal of Endocrinology. 161 (3), pp. 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1610455

Effect of estrogen suppression on the mineralization density of iliac crest biopsies in young women as assessed by backscattered electron imaging
A. Boyde, J.E. Compston, J. Reeve, K.L. Bell, B.S. Noble, S.J. Jones and N. Loveridge 1998. Effect of estrogen suppression on the mineralization density of iliac crest biopsies in young women as assessed by backscattered electron imaging. Bone. 22 (3), pp. 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00275-5

The role of estrogen in the control of rat osteocyte apoptosis
Tomkinson, A., Gevers, E.F., Wit, J.M., Reeve, J. and Noble, B.S. 1998. The role of estrogen in the control of rat osteocyte apoptosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 13 (8), pp. 1243-1250. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.8.1243

Identification of apoptotic changes in osteocytes in normal and pathological human bone
B.S. Noble, H. Stevens, N. Loveridge and J. Reeve 1997. Identification of apoptotic changes in osteocytes in normal and pathological human bone. Bone. 20 (3), pp. 273-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(96)00365-1

The death of osteocytes via apoptosis accompanies estrogen withdrawal in human bone
Tomkinson, A., Reeve, J., Shaw, R.W. and Noble, B.S. 1997. The death of osteocytes via apoptosis accompanies estrogen withdrawal in human bone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 82 (9), pp. 3128-3135. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.9.3128

O7. Does apoptosis play a role in osteocyte function?
B.S. Noble, H. Stevens, J. Reeve and N. Loveridge 1996. O7. Does apoptosis play a role in osteocyte function? Bone. 19 (6), p. 686. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(97)84303-7

Dextran sulfate promotes the rapid aggregation of porcine bone-marrow stromal cells
B.S. Noble, V. Dean, N. Loveridge and B.M. Thomson 1995. Dextran sulfate promotes the rapid aggregation of porcine bone-marrow stromal cells. Bone. 17 (4), pp. 375-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(95)00247-2

Apoptosis in growing rat bone: preliminary studies
B.S. Noble, J. Milne and N. Loveridge 1995. Apoptosis in growing rat bone: preliminary studies. Bone. 16 (6), p. 689. https://doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(95)91680-6

Differential responses of human tumour cells to polyunsaturated fatty acids: Stimulation of proliferation of a colon tumour cell line by docosahexaenoic acid
McMillan, D.N., Heys, S.D., Murray, A.W., Noble, B.S., Purasiri, P., Deehan, D.J., Eremin, O. and Noble, B. 1995. Differential responses of human tumour cells to polyunsaturated fatty acids: Stimulation of proliferation of a colon tumour cell line by docosahexaenoic acid. International Journal of Oncology. 7 (4), pp. 927-933.

The differentiation of a potential mesenchymal stem cell population within ovine bone marrow
Jessop, H.L., Noble, B.S. and Cryer, A. 1994. The differentiation of a potential mesenchymal stem cell population within ovine bone marrow. Biochemical Society Transactions. 22 (3), p. 248S. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst022248s

P8. Bone marrow stromal cells separated by buoyant density: an initial characterisation
Noble, B.S., Rucklidge, G.J. and Thomson, B.M. 1994. P8. Bone marrow stromal cells separated by buoyant density: an initial characterisation. Bone. 15 (2), p. 232. https://doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90742-0

P12. Dextran sulphate promotes stromal cell aggregation and initiates type II collagen production
B.M. Thomson, V. Dean, B. Noble and N. Loveridge 1994. P12. Dextran sulphate promotes stromal cell aggregation and initiates type II collagen production. Bone. 15 (1), p. 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90935-0

Control of longitudinal growth: The role of nutrition
Loveridge, N. and Noble, B.S. 1994. Control of longitudinal growth: The role of nutrition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 48 (2), pp. 75-84.

Calcitonin gene related peptide stimulates differentiation of neonatal rat myogenic cultures
Noble, B.S., McMillan, D.N. and Maltin, C.A. 1993. Calcitonin gene related peptide stimulates differentiation of neonatal rat myogenic cultures. Growth Regulation. 3 (4), pp. 245-248.

Visualisation and selective elimination of a subpopulation of mitogen-responsive bone marrow stromal cells using bromodeoxyuridine and photo-induced cell killing
B.M. Thomson, V. Dean, C. Farquharson and B.S. Noble 1993. Visualisation and selective elimination of a subpopulation of mitogen-responsive bone marrow stromal cells using bromodeoxyuridine and photo-induced cell killing. Bone. 14 (5), pp. 779-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(93)90210-2

The effect of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on growth and protein metabolism in rat muscle cell cultures
McMillan, D.N., Noble, B.S. and Maltin, C.A. 1992. The effect of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on growth and protein metabolism in rat muscle cell cultures. Journal of Animal Science. 70 (10), p. 3014–3023. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70103014x

Effects of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, fenbufen, on clenbuterol-induced hypertrophy of cardiac and skeletal muscle of rats
Palmer, R.M., Delday, M.I., McMillan, D.N., Noble, B.S., Bain, P. and Maltin, C.A. 1990. Effects of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, fenbufen, on clenbuterol-induced hypertrophy of cardiac and skeletal muscle of rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. 101 (4), pp. 835-838. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14166.x

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