The Assessment of Daily Energy Expenditure of Commercial Saturation Divers Using Doubly Labelled Water

Deb, S., Dolan, Eimear, Hambly, Catherine, Speakman, John R., Eftedal, Olav, Zariwala, Mohammed Gulrez and Eftedal, Ingrid 2021. The Assessment of Daily Energy Expenditure of Commercial Saturation Divers Using Doubly Labelled Water. Frontiers in Physiology. 12 687605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.687605

TitleThe Assessment of Daily Energy Expenditure of Commercial Saturation Divers Using Doubly Labelled Water
TypeJournal article
AuthorsDeb, S., Dolan, Eimear, Hambly, Catherine, Speakman, John R., Eftedal, Olav, Zariwala, Mohammed Gulrez and Eftedal, Ingrid
AbstractCommercial saturation divers are exposed to unique environmental conditions and are required to conduct work activity underwater. Consequently, divers’ physiological status is shown to be perturbed and therefore, appropriate strategies and guidance are required to manage the stress and adaptive response. This study aimed to evaluate the daily energy expenditure (DEE) of commercial saturation divers during a 21-day diving operation in the North Sea. Ten saturation divers were recruited during a diving operation with a living depth of 72 metres seawater (msw) and a maximum working dive depth of 81 msw. Doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to calculate DEE during a 10-day measurement period. Energy intake was also recorded during this period by maintaining a dietary log. The mean DEE calculated was 3030.9 ± 513.0 kcal/day, which was significantly greater than the mean energy intake (1875.3 ± 487.4 kcal; p = 0.005). There was also a strong positive correction correlation between DEE and total time spent performing underwater work (r = 0.7, p = 0.026). The results suggested saturation divers were in a negative energy balance during the measurement period with an intraindividual variability in the energy cost present that may be influenced by time spent underwater.
KeywordsPhysiology
saturation diving
extreme environment
hyperbaric
energy expenditure
doubly labelled water
Article number687605
JournalFrontiers in Physiology
Journal citation12
ISSN1664-042X
Year2021
PublisherFrontiers Media S.A.
Publisher's version
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.687605
Publication dates
Published online26 May 2021
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Brown, D., Gough, L., Deb, S., Sparks, S.A. and McNaughton, L. 2017. Astaxanthin in Exercise Metabolism, Performance and Recovery: A Review. Frontiers in Nutrition. 4 76. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2017.00076

The Reproducibility of 4-km Time Trial (TT) Performance Following Individualised Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation: a Randomised Controlled Trial in Trained Cyclists
Gough, L., Deb, S., Sparks, S.A. and McNaughton, L. 2017. The Reproducibility of 4-km Time Trial (TT) Performance Following Individualised Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation: a Randomised Controlled Trial in Trained Cyclists. Sports Medicine - open. 3 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-017-0101-4

Determinants of curvature constant (W’) of the power duration relationship under normoxia and hypoxia: the effect of pre-exercise alkalosis
Deb, S., Gough, L., Sparks, S.A. and McNaughton, L. 2017. Determinants of curvature constant (W’) of the power duration relationship under normoxia and hypoxia: the effect of pre-exercise alkalosis. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 117 (5), pp. 901-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3574-4

Study on the pulmonary delivery system of apigenin loaded albumin nanocarriers with antioxidant activity
Papay, Z.E., Kosa, A., Boddi, B., Merchant, Z., Saleem, I.Y., Zariwala, M., Klebovich, I., Somavarapu, S. and Antal, I. 2017. Study on the pulmonary delivery system of apigenin loaded albumin nanocarriers with antioxidant activity. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery. 30 (4), pp. 274-288. https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2016.1316

Nutritional considerations during prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperbaric, hyperoxic environment: Recommendations for saturation divers
Deb, S., Swinton, P. and Dolan, E. 2016. Nutritional considerations during prolonged exposure to a confined, hyperbaric, hyperoxic environment: Recommendations for saturation divers. Extreme Physiology and Medicine. 7 (5), p. 1 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-015-0042-9

Brief communication: Self-reported health and activity habits and attitudes in saturation divers
Dolan, E., Deb, S., Stephan, G. and Swinton, P. 2016. Brief communication: Self-reported health and activity habits and attitudes in saturation divers. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine: journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 43 (2), pp. 93-101.

Recent Developments in the Use of Sodium Bicarbonate as an Ergogenic Aid
McNaughton, L., Bentley, D., Deb, S., Gough, L. and Sparks, S.A. 2016. Recent Developments in the Use of Sodium Bicarbonate as an Ergogenic Aid. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 15 (4), pp. 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000283

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine promotes insulin secretion and maintains functional β-cell mass
Liu, B., O'Donnell, C., Wong, C., Zariwala, M., Huang, G.C., Jones, P.M. and Persaud, S.J. 2016. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine promotes insulin secretion and maintains functional β-cell mass. Diabetes UK Professional Conference . SECC, Glasgow, United Kingdom 02 - 04 Mar 2016 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.8_13047

Comparative study of the bioavailability of different iron supplements to bacteria
Renshaw, D., Zariwala, M. and Farnaud, S. 2016. Comparative study of the bioavailability of different iron supplements to bacteria. European Iron Club. Innsbruck, Austria 07 - 10 Apr 2016

Fabrication and characterisation of novel protein-polysaccharide biopolymer based nanoparticles for iron delivery
Al-Obaidi, H., Patel, N., Ghafarzada, R., Malik, R., Musa, S., Chandramohan, S., Apostolova, P., Farnaud, S., Renshaw, D. and Zariwala, M. 2016. Fabrication and characterisation of novel protein-polysaccharide biopolymer based nanoparticles for iron delivery. European Iron Club. Innsbruck, Austria 07 - 10 Apr 2016

Beef protein isolate: a novel bio-matrix for formulating ferrous iron for nutritional applications
Zariwala, M., Farnaud, S., Renshaw, D. and Somavarapu, S. 2016. Beef protein isolate: a novel bio-matrix for formulating ferrous iron for nutritional applications. European Iron Club Meeting. Innsbruck, Austria 07 - 10 Apr 2016

Novel potato protein-polysaccharide nano-formulations for oral nutrient delivery
Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Evans, R.W., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2016. Novel potato protein-polysaccharide nano-formulations for oral nutrient delivery. Vitafoods. Geneva, Switzerland 30 - 30 May 2016

A New Era of Pulmonary Delivery of Nano-antimicrobial Therapeutics to Treat Chronic Pulmonary Infections
Merchant, Z., Buckton, G., Taylor, K.M.G., Stapleton, P., Saleem, I.Y., Zariwala, M. and Somavarapu, S. 2016. A New Era of Pulmonary Delivery of Nano-antimicrobial Therapeutics to Treat Chronic Pulmonary Infections. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 22 (17), pp. 2577-2598. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160317142139

Comparative study of bioavailability of different iron supplements to bacteria
Dagos, D., Selvam, P., Kelly, P., Evans, R., Zariwala, M., Renshaw, D. and Farnaud, S. 2015. Comparative study of bioavailability of different iron supplements to bacteria. 6th Meeting of the International Bioiron Society. Hangzhou, China 06 - 10 Sep 2015 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24277

A preliminary study of the link between iron increase in dopaminergic cells and Parkinson's disease
Mehta, K., Ahmed, B., Zariwala, M., Evans, R. and Farnaud, S. 2015. A preliminary study of the link between iron increase in dopaminergic cells and Parkinson's disease. 6th Meeting of the International Bioiron Society. Hangzhou, China 06 - 10 Sep 2015 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24277

What could insulin teach us about hepcidin? A comparative study between the iron hormone hepcidin and insulin
Mehta, K., Zariwala, M., Renshaw, D. and Farnaud, S. 2015. What could insulin teach us about hepcidin? A comparative study between the iron hormone hepcidin and insulin. 6th Meeting of the International Bioiron Society. Hangzhou, China 06 - 10 Sep 2015 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24277

Novel beta-casein nanocarriers for oral iron delivery
Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Evans, R., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2015. Novel beta-casein nanocarriers for oral iron delivery. 6th Meeting of the International Bioiron Society. Hangzhou, China 06 - 10 Sep 2015 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24277

Platform delivery technologies for nutraceutical applications
Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Evans, R.W., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2015. Platform delivery technologies for nutraceutical applications. Vitafoods . Geneva, Switzerland 05 - 07 May 2015

Novel whey protein isolate nanocarriers for oral micronutrient delivery
Farnaud, S., Renshaw, D., Somavarapu, S. and Zariwala, M. 2015. Novel whey protein isolate nanocarriers for oral micronutrient delivery. 9th NIZO Dairy Conference Milk Protein Functionality . Papendal, Netherlands 30 Sep - 02 Oct 2015

Drug Delivery Approaches for Apigenin: A Review
Papay, Z.E., Balogh, E., Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S. and Antal, I. 2015. Drug Delivery Approaches for Apigenin: A Review. in: Stacks, N.M. (ed.) Apigenin and Naringenin: Natural Sources, Pharmacology and Role in Cancer Prevention New York, USA Nova Science Publishers. pp. 1-20

Formulation and characterization of curcumin loaded DQAsomes for pulmonary delivery
Zupancic, S., Kocbek, P., Kristl, J., Zariwala, M., Renshaw, D., Gul, M.O., Elsaid, Z., Taylor, K.M.G. and Somavarapu, S. 2014. Formulation and characterization of curcumin loaded DQAsomes for pulmonary delivery. 10th International Conference and Workshop on Biological Barriers. Saarbrücken 16 - 21 Feb 2014

Serum ferritin levels are correlated with total adiposity, but not BMI in obese males
Zariwala, M., Kosicka, A., MacKenzie, R. and Renshaw, D. 2014. Serum ferritin levels are correlated with total adiposity, but not BMI in obese males. Society for Endocrinology BES 2014. Liverpool, UK 24 - 27 Mar 2014 BioScientifica Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.34.P255

A human cell model of Parkinson’s disease confirms iron accumulation in dopaminergic neurons following 6-OHDOPA treatment
Zariwala, M. and Farnaud, S. 2014. A human cell model of Parkinson’s disease confirms iron accumulation in dopaminergic neurons following 6-OHDOPA treatment. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2014. Verona, Italy 11 - 14 Sep 2014

Fabrication and characterization of novel hydrophobically modified chitosan nanoliposomes for oral iron delivery
Zariwala, M., Bendre, H., Markiv, A., Farnaud, S., Somavarapu, S. and Renshaw, D. 2014. Fabrication and characterization of novel hydrophobically modified chitosan nanoliposomes for oral iron delivery. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2014. Verona, Italy 11 - 14 Sep 2014

Design and Development of Novel Mitochondrial Targeted
Zupančič, Š., Kocbek, P., Zariwala, M., Renshaw, D., Gul, M.O., Elsaid, Z., Taylor, K.M.G. and Somavarapu, S. 2014. Design and Development of Novel Mitochondrial Targeted. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 11 (7), pp. 2334-2345. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp500003q

Macronutrient regulation of PYY and DPPIV in human intestinal epithelial cells
Zariwala, M., Kosicka, A. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Macronutrient regulation of PYY and DPPIV in human intestinal epithelial cells. ENDO 2013: The Endocrine Society’s 95th Annual Meeting. San Francisco, USA 15 - 18 Jun 2013

Preparation and Characterisation of Solid Lipid Particles for Oral Iron Delivery
Zariwala, M., Farnaud, S., Somavarapu, S. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Preparation and Characterisation of Solid Lipid Particles for Oral Iron Delivery. Fifth Congress of the International BioIron Society (IBIS), Biennial World Meeting. University College London 14 - 18 Apr 2013 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23453

Hepcidin transcription and peptide secretion are governed by different regulatory mechanisms
Mehta, K., Patel, V., Busbridge, M., Renshaw, D., Zariwala, M., Evans, R. and Farnaud, S. 2013. Hepcidin transcription and peptide secretion are governed by different regulatory mechanisms. Fifth Congress of the International BioIron Society (IBIS), Biennial World Meeting. University College London 14 - 18 Apr 2013 Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23453

Comparison Study of Oral Iron Preparations Using a Human Intestinal Model
Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Comparison Study of Oral Iron Preparations Using a Human Intestinal Model. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 81 (4), pp. 1123-1139. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1304-03

Attenuation of plasma annexin A1 in human obesity
Kosicka, A., Cunliffe, AD., MacKenzie, R., Zariwala, M., Perretti, M., Flower, R.J. and Renshaw, D. 2013. Attenuation of plasma annexin A1 in human obesity. FASEB Journal. 27 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-213728

Increased transferrin-bound iron uptake in HepG2 cells is followed by an increase in expression of the iron hormone hepcidin pre-and post-translationally
Mehta, K., Patel, V., Busbridge Mark, Renshaw, D., Zariwala, M., Evans, R. and Farnaud, S. 2012. Increased transferrin-bound iron uptake in HepG2 cells is followed by an increase in expression of the iron hormone hepcidin pre-and post-translationally. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2012. Rennes, France 29 - 31 Aug 2012

Comparison of iron absorption from iron supplement preparations using an in vitro Caco-2 model
Zariwala, M., Farnaud, S. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Comparison of iron absorption from iron supplement preparations using an in vitro Caco-2 model. European Iron Club Annual Meeting 2012. Rennes, France 29 - 31 Aug 2012

DPPIV and macronutrients regulate the expression of PYY3–36 in human gut epithelial cells
Kosicka, A., Renshaw, D. and Zariwala, M. 2012. DPPIV and macronutrients regulate the expression of PYY3–36 in human gut epithelial cells. Society for Endocrinology BES 2012. Harrogate, UK Mar - Apr 2012 BioScientifica Ltd.. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.31.P197

Ac 2-26, an annexin A1-derived peptide, reduces inflammation in human SGBS adipocytes after hypoxia treatment
Kosicka-Knox, A., Cunliffe, A., Mackenzie, R., Zariwala, M. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Ac 2-26, an annexin A1-derived peptide, reduces inflammation in human SGBS adipocytes after hypoxia treatment. 15th International & 14th European Congress of Endocrinology. Florence, Italy 05 - 09 May 2012 BioScientifica Ltd..

Annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory regulator, is expressed in human adipocytes
Kosicka-Knox, A., Cunliffe, A., Mackenzie, R., Zariwala, M. and Renshaw, D. 2012. Annexin A1, an anti-inflammatory regulator, is expressed in human adipocytes. Society for Endocrinology BES 2012. Harrogate, UK Mar - Apr 2012

Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity
Holness, M.J., Zariwala, M., Walker, C.G. and Sugden, M.C. 2012. Adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression is associated with augmented PPARγ upregulation in early-life programming of later obesity. FEBS Open Bio. 2, pp. 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fob.2012.02.003

Changes in adipocyte circadian clock function via SRT1 and AMPK in programmed obesity
Caton, P.W., Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2010. Changes in adipocyte circadian clock function via SRT1 and AMPK in programmed obesity. Diabetic Medicine. 27 (S1), pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02935.x

PPARalpha deficiency impacts the regulation ofadipocyte leptin synthesis and secretion
Holness, M.J., Zariwala, M., Walker, C.G. and Sugden, M.C. 2009. PPARalpha deficiency impacts the regulation ofadipocyte leptin synthesis and secretion. Diabetic Medicine. 26 (S1), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02662.x

The molecular regulation of adipose-tissue gene expression by an early life intervention
Sugden, M.C., Zariwala, M., Nooristani, S. and Holness, M.J. 2009. The molecular regulation of adipose-tissue gene expression by an early life intervention. Diabetic Medicine. 26 (S1), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02662.x

PPARs and the orchestration of metabolic fuel selection
Sugden, M.C., Zariwala, M.G. and Holness, M.J. 2009. PPARs and the orchestration of metabolic fuel selection. Pharmacological Research. 60 (3), p. 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2009.03.014

Prolactin in culture leads to a shift in stimulatory threshold but does not augment the K-ATP channel independent pathway for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J., Turner, M.D. and Sugden, M.C. 2007. Prolactin in culture leads to a shift in stimulatory threshold but does not augment the K-ATP channel independent pathway for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetic Medicine. 24 (S1), p. 33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02126.x

Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan
Pandit, S., Cevher, E, Zariwala, M., Somavarapu, S. and Alpar, H.O. 2007. Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan. Journal of Microencapsulation. 24 (6), p. 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652040701443700

Diet, obesity and diabetes: a current update
Walker, C.G., Zariwala, M.G., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2007. Diet, obesity and diabetes: a current update. Clinical Science. 112 (2), pp. 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20060150

Early protein restriction attenuates effects of increased age to suppress the response of adipose-tissue LPL activity to feeding
Zariwala, M., Holness, M.J. and Sugden, M.C. 2006. Early protein restriction attenuates effects of increased age to suppress the response of adipose-tissue LPL activity to feeding. Diabetic Medicine. 23 (S2), pp. 31-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-5468.2006.01875.x

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