Individual differences in detecting and sharing misinformation: Positive schizotypy, conspiracy beliefs, and autism

Buchanan, T., Maras, K. and Dando, C.J. 2024. Individual differences in detecting and sharing misinformation: Positive schizotypy, conspiracy beliefs, and autism. Personality and Individual Differences. 233 112946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112946

Title Individual differences in detecting and sharing misinformation: Positive schizotypy, conspiracy beliefs, and autism
TypeJournal article
AuthorsBuchanan, T., Maras, K. and Dando, C.J.
Abstract

Misinformation is widespread, but only a minority of social media users actively share it. This paper considers whether three aspects of individual differences - positive schizotypy, conspiracy beliefs, and autism - differentiate those who believe in and share misinformation, from those who do not. Study 1 (N = 451) considered the effects of these variables on veracity discernment (i.e., the ability to differentiate true and false information). Higher levels of positive schizotypy and conspiracy beliefs were independently associated with poorer veracity discernment. Secondary analyses suggested that the effect of positive schizotypy might operate through reliance on intuitive rather than reflective thought, while the effect of conspiracy beliefs might arise from higher levels of gullibility. While autism did not generally affect veracity discernment, moderation analysis suggested that it improved veracity discernment amongst individuals high in positive schizotypy. Paradoxically however, autistic individuals were more likely to report having shared false political information in the past. Study 2 (N = 676) compared data from a new sample of autistic individuals with a sample from previous research. Again, autistic individuals were more likely to report having shared false political information, but did not differ in performance on a veracity discernment task.

Keywordsmisinformation
disinformation
schizotypy
conspiracy
autism
veracity discernment
social media
Article number112946
JournalPersonality and Individual Differences
Journal citation233
ISSN0191-8869
Year2024
PublisherElsevier
Publisher's version
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access Level
Open (open metadata and files)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112946
Web address (URL)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112946
Publication dates
Published07 Nov 2024

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The Online Romance Scam: A Serious Cybercrime
Whitty, M.T. and Buchanan, T. 2012. The Online Romance Scam: A Serious Cybercrime. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 15 (3), pp. 181-183. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0352

The relationship between retrieval-induced forgetting, anxiety, and personality
Law, R., Groome, D., Thorn, L., Potts, R. and Buchanan, T. 2012. The relationship between retrieval-induced forgetting, anxiety, and personality. Anxiety, Stress and Coping. 25 (6), pp. 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.630070

Not all lies are spontaneous: An examination of deception across different modes of communication
Whitty, M.T., Buchanan, T., Joinson, A.N. and Meredith, A. 2012. Not all lies are spontaneous: An examination of deception across different modes of communication. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 63 (1), pp. 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21648

Is MDMA present in hair samples consistent with reported Ecstasy use?
Scholey, A.B., Owen, L., Gates, J.B., Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Ling, J., Heffernan, T.M., Swan, P., Stough, C. and Parrott, A.C. 2011. Is MDMA present in hair samples consistent with reported Ecstasy use? Open Addiction Journal. 4, pp. 50-51. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001104010050

Prospective memory: the influence of ecstasy, cannabis and nicotine use and the WWW
Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Scholey, A.B., Heffernan, T.M. and Ling, J. 2011. Prospective memory: the influence of ecstasy, cannabis and nicotine use and the WWW. Open Addiction Journal. 4, pp. 44-45. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001104010044

'Ecstasy use, by itself, does not result in residual neurotoxicity'- a powerful argument?
Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Heffernan, T.M., Ling, J. and Scholey, A.B. 2011. 'Ecstasy use, by itself, does not result in residual neurotoxicity'- a powerful argument? Addiction. 106 (7), pp. 1269-1270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03460.x

What's in a screen name? Attractiveness of different types of screen names used by online daters
Whitty, M.T. and Buchanan, T. 2010. What's in a screen name? Attractiveness of different types of screen names used by online daters. International Journal of Internet Science. 5 (1), pp. 5-19.

Ethical issues in psychological research on the Internet
Buchanan, T. and Williams, J.E. 2010. Ethical issues in psychological research on the Internet. in: Gosling, S.D. and Johnson, J.A. (ed.) Advanced methods for conducting online behavioral research Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association. pp. 255-271

Privacy, trust, and self-disclosure online
Joinson, A.N., Reips, U.-D., Buchanan, T. and Schofield, C.B.P. 2010. Privacy, trust, and self-disclosure online. Human-Computer Interaction. 25 (1), pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370020903586662

A short self-report measure of problems with executive function suitable for administration via the Internet
Buchanan, T., Heffernan, T.M., Parrott, A.C., Ling, J., Rodgers, J. and Scholey, A.B. 2010. A short self-report measure of problems with executive function suitable for administration via the Internet. Behavior Research Methods. 42 (3), pp. 709-714. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.3.709

Hair MDMA samples are consistent with reported ecstasy use: Findings from a study investigating effects of ecstasy on mood and memory
Scholey, A.B., Owen, L., Gates, J., Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Ling, J., Heffernan, T.M., Swan, P., Stough, C. and Parrott, A.C. 2010. Hair MDMA samples are consistent with reported ecstasy use: Findings from a study investigating effects of ecstasy on mood and memory. Neuropsychobiology. 63 (1), pp. 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1159/000321833

Looking for love in so many places: characteristics of online daters and speed daters
Whitty, M.T. and Buchanan, T. 2009. Looking for love in so many places: characteristics of online daters and speed daters. Interpersona. 3 (Suppl. 2), pp. 63-86.

Are individuals with a family history of mood disorders more vulnerable to MDMA depression following ecstasy use?
Rodgers, J., Skene, D., Buchanan, T., Heffernan, T.M., Soar, K. and Parrott, A.C. 2009. Are individuals with a family history of mood disorders more vulnerable to MDMA depression following ecstasy use? Neuropsychobiology. 60 (3-4), p. 222. https://doi.org/10.1159/000253320

Cognitive and mood effects of 8 weeks' supplementation with 400 mg or 1000 mg of the omega-3 essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in healthy children aged 10-12 years
Kennedy, D.O., Jackson, P.A., Elliott, J.M., Scholey, A.B., Robertson, B.C., Greer, J., Tiplady, B., Buchanan, T. and Haskell, C.F. 2009. Cognitive and mood effects of 8 weeks' supplementation with 400 mg or 1000 mg of the omega-3 essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in healthy children aged 10-12 years. Nutritional Neuroscience. 12 (2), pp. 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1179/147683009X388887

Victims and witnesses of crime: Police officers' perceptions of interviewing practices
Dando, C.J., Wilcock, R. and Milne, R. 2008. Victims and witnesses of crime: Police officers' perceptions of interviewing practices. Legal and Criminological Psychology. 13 (1), pp. 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532506X162498

Measuring self-disclosure online: Blurring and non-response to sensitive items in web-based surveys
Joinson, A.N., Paine, C., Buchanan, T. and Reips, U.-D. 2008. Measuring self-disclosure online: Blurring and non-response to sensitive items in web-based surveys. Computers in Human Behavior. 24 (5), pp. 2158-2171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.10.005

Five-factor personality correlates of perceptions of women's body sizes
Swami, V., Buchanan, T., Furnham, A. and Tovée, M.J. 2008. Five-factor personality correlates of perceptions of women's body sizes. Personality and Individual Differences. 45 (7), pp. 697-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.007

Cognitive and mood effects in healthy children during 12 weeks' supplementation with multi-vitamin/minerals
Haskell, C.F., Scholey, A.B., Jackson, P.A., Elliott, J.M., Defeyter, M.A., Greer, J., Robertson, B.C., Buchanan, T., Tiplady, B. and Kennedy, D.O. 2008. Cognitive and mood effects in healthy children during 12 weeks' supplementation with multi-vitamin/minerals. British Journal of Nutrition. 100 (5), pp. 1086-1096. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508959213

Looking for medical information on the Internet: self-disclosure, privacy and trust
Buchanan, T., Joinson, A.N., Paine Schofield, C.B. and Reips, U.D. 2007. Looking for medical information on the Internet: self-disclosure, privacy and trust. He@lth Information on the Internet. 58 (1), pp. 83-9.

Personality testing on the Internet: what we know and what we do not
Buchanan, T. 2007. Personality testing on the Internet: what we know and what we do not. in: Joinson, A.N., McKenna, K., Postmes, T. and Reips, U.D. (ed.) The Oxford handbook of Internet psychology Oxford Oxford University Press. pp. 447-459

Development of measures of online privacy concern and protection for use on the Internet
Buchanan, T., Paine, C., Joinson, A.N. and Reips, U.-D. 2007. Development of measures of online privacy concern and protection for use on the Internet. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58 (2), pp. 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20459

Internet users' perceptions of 'privacy concerns' and 'privacy actions'
Paine, C., Reips, U.-D., Stieger, S., Joinson, A. and Buchanan, T. 2007. Internet users' perceptions of 'privacy concerns' and 'privacy actions'. International Journal of Human Computer Studies. 65 (6), pp. 526-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.12.001

Privacy and self-disclosure online
Paine, C., Joinson, A.N., Buchanan, T. and Reips, U.-D. 2006. Privacy and self-disclosure online. in: CHI06: CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montréal Québec Canada, April 22 - 27, 2006 ACM. pp. 1187-1192

Screening for psychological distress using internet administration of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome
McCue, P., Buchanan, T. and Martin, C.R. 2006. Screening for psychological distress using internet administration of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 45 (4), pp. 483-198. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505x82379

Differential experiences of the psychobiological sequelae of ecstasy use: Quantitative and qualitative data from an internet study
Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Pearson, C., Parrott, A.C., Ling, J., Heffernan, T. and Scholey, A.B. 2006. Differential experiences of the psychobiological sequelae of ecstasy use: Quantitative and qualitative data from an internet study. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 20 (3), pp. 437-446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881105058777

Dancing hot on Ecstasy: Physical activity and thermal comfort ratings are associated with the memory and other psychobiological problems reported by recreational MDMA users
Parrott, A.C., Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Ling, J., Heffernan, T. and Scholey, A.B. 2006. Dancing hot on Ecstasy: Physical activity and thermal comfort ratings are associated with the memory and other psychobiological problems reported by recreational MDMA users. Human Psychopharmacology. 21 (5), pp. 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.773

Watching me, watching you: Privacy attitudes and reactions to identity card implementation scenarios in the United Kingdom
Joinson, A.N., Paine, C., Buchanan, T. and Reips, U.-D. 2006. Watching me, watching you: Privacy attitudes and reactions to identity card implementation scenarios in the United Kingdom. Journal of Information Science. 32 (4), pp. 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551506064902

Nonequivalence of on-line and paper-and-pencil psychological tests: the case of the prospective memory questionnaire
Buchanan, T., Ali, T., Heffernan, T.M., Ling, J., Parrott, A.C., Rodgers, J. and Scholey, A.B. 2005. Nonequivalence of on-line and paper-and-pencil psychological tests: the case of the prospective memory questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods. 37 (1), pp. 148-154.

Self-rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non-smokers: A web-based study
Heffernan, T.M., Ling, J., Parrott, A.C., Buchanan, T., Scholey, A.B. and Rodgers, J. 2005. Self-rated everyday and prospective memory abilities of cigarette smokers and non-smokers: A web-based study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 78 (3), pp. 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.008

Implementing a five-factor personality inventory for use on the Internet
Buchanan, T., Johnson, J.A. and Goldberg, L.R. 2005. Implementing a five-factor personality inventory for use on the Internet. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 21 (2), pp. 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.115

Personality, gender and self-perceived intelligence
Furnham, A. and Buchanan, T. 2005. Personality, gender and self-perceived intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 39 (3), pp. 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.011

The reality of psychomotor problems, and the possibility of Parkinson's disorder, in some recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a rejoinder to Sumnall et al. (2003).
Parrott, A.C., Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Scholey, A.B., Heffernan, T. and Ling, J. 2004. The reality of psychomotor problems, and the possibility of Parkinson's disorder, in some recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a rejoinder to Sumnall et al. (2003). Psychopharmacology. 171 (2), pp. 231-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1599-3

Internet-based psychological testing and assessment
Barak, A. and Buchanan, T. 2004. Internet-based psychological testing and assessment. in: Kraus, R., Zack, J.S. and Stricker, G. (ed.) Online couseling: a handbook for mental health professionals San Diego, CA Elsevier. pp. 217-239

Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users: A WWW study
Scholey, A.B., Parrott, A.C., Buchanan, T., Heffernan, T.M., Ling, J. and Rodgers, J. 2004. Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug usage in the more experienced recreational Ecstasy/MDMA users: A WWW study. Addictive Behaviors. 29 (4), pp. 743-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.022

An investigation into the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome
McCue, P., Martin, C.R., Buchanan, T., Rodgers, J. and Scholey, A.B. 2003. An investigation into the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 8 (4), pp. 425-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354850310001604568

Internet-based questionnaire assessment: Appropriate use in clinical contexts
Buchanan, T. 2003. Internet-based questionnaire assessment: Appropriate use in clinical contexts. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 32 (3), pp. 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070310000957

Parkinson's disorder, psychomotor problems and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users
Parrott, A.C., Buchanan, T., Heffernan, T.M., Scholey, A., Ling, J. and Rodgers, J. 2003. Parkinson's disorder, psychomotor problems and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users. Psychopharmacology. 167 (4), pp. 449-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1447-5

Effects of alcohol on subjective ratings of prospective and everyday memory deficits
Ling, J., Heffernan, T.M., Buchanan, T., Rodgers, J., Scholey, A.B. and Parrott, A.C. 2003. Effects of alcohol on subjective ratings of prospective and everyday memory deficits. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 27 (6), pp. 970-974. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2003.tb04422.x

Patterns of drug use and the influence of gender on self-reports of memory ability in ecstasy users: A web-based study
Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Scholey, A.B., Heffernan, T.M., Ling, J. and Parrott, A.C. 2003. Patterns of drug use and the influence of gender on self-reports of memory ability in ecstasy users: A web-based study. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 17, pp. 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881103174016

Self-monitoring: an elaboration of the concept based on Internet-mediated data
Smith, J.L. and Buchanan, T. 2002. Self-monitoring: an elaboration of the concept based on Internet-mediated data. Social Psychological Review. 4 (1), pp. 14-24.

Online Assessment: Desirable or Dangerous?
Buchanan, T. 2002. Online Assessment: Desirable or Dangerous? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 33 (2), pp. 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7028.33.2.148

Ecstacy/MDMA attributed problems reported by novice, moderate and heavy recretional users
Parrott, A.C., Buchanan, T., Scholey, A.B., Heffernan, T., Ling, J. and Rodgers, J. 2002. Ecstacy/MDMA attributed problems reported by novice, moderate and heavy recretional users. Human Psychopharmacology. 17 (6), pp. 309-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.415

Differential effects of Ecstasy and cannabis on self-reports of memory ability: A web-based study
Rodgers, J., Buchanan, T., Scholey, A.B., Heffernan, T.M., Ling, J. and Parrott, A. 2001. Differential effects of Ecstasy and cannabis on self-reports of memory ability: A web-based study. Human Psychopharmacology. 16 (8), pp. 619-625. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.345

Doing educational research on the Internet
Joinson, A.N. and Buchanan, T. 2001. Doing educational research on the Internet. in: Wolfe, C.R. (ed.) Learning and teaching on the World Wide Web San Diego, CA Academic Press. pp. 221-242

Online personality assessment
Buchanan, T. 2001. Online personality assessment. in: Reips, U.D. and Bosnjak, M. (ed.) Dimensions of Internet science Lengerich Pabst Science Publishers. pp. 57-74

Potential of the Internet for personality research
Buchanan, T. 2000. Potential of the Internet for personality research. in: Birnbaum, M.H. (ed.) Psychological experiments on the Internet San Diego, CA Academic Press. pp. 121-140

The efficacy of a World-Wide Web mediated formative assessment
Buchanan, T. 2000. The efficacy of a World-Wide Web mediated formative assessment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 16 (3), pp. 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2729.2000.00132.x

Internet research: Self-monitoring and judgments of attractiveness
Buchanan, T. 2000. Internet research: Self-monitoring and judgments of attractiveness. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers. 32 (4), pp. 521-527. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200824

Does the revised multiple affect adjective checklist hostility subscale measure hostility?
Buchanan, T. 1999. Does the revised multiple affect adjective checklist hostility subscale measure hostility? Aggressive Behavior. 25 (3), pp. 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1999)25:3<179::aid-ab2>3.0.co;2-m

Using the Internet for psychological research: personality testing on the World Wide Web.
Buchanan, T. and Smith, J.L. 1999. Using the Internet for psychological research: personality testing on the World Wide Web. British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953). 90 (1), pp. 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712699161189

Research on the Internet: Validation of a World-Wide Web mediated personality scale
Buchanan, T. and Smith, J.L. 1999. Research on the Internet: Validation of a World-Wide Web mediated personality scale. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers. 31 (4), pp. 565-571. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200736

Using the World Wide Web for formative assessment
Buchanan, T. 1998. Using the World Wide Web for formative assessment. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. 27 (1), pp. 71-79. https://doi.org/10.2190/167K-BQHU-UGGF-HX75

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